Human Biology Ch. 1 and 2 Exam
Questions and Answers
hydrogen ion - ANSWER-A proton, H+
hydroxide ion - ANSWER-The negatively charged molecule OH-
pH scale - ANSWER-A measure of the concentration of H+ in a fluid. It is a range
from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic).
buffer - ANSWER-A chemical that can stabilize the pH of a solution by donating or
accepting hydrogen ions (H+).
salt - ANSWER-A compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- in a solution.
condensation reaction - ANSWER-Chemical reaction that covalently bonds two
molecules into a larger one. Water often forms asa by-product.
enzyme - ANSWER-Type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
functional group - ANSWER-Atom or atoms bonded to carbon in a molecule and that
helps determine the molecule's chemical properties.
hydrolysis reaction - ANSWER-Chemical reaction that splits a large molecule into
smaller parts, often using a water molecule in the process.
monomer - ANSWER-A small subunit of a larger molecule (polymer).
organic compound - ANSWER-Compound that contains carbon and at least one
hydrogen atom.
polymer - ANSWER-A large molecule built of monomer subunits.
carbohydrate - ANSWER-A biological molecule built of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.
monosaccharide - ANSWER-The simplest class of carbohydrate, consisting of a
single sugar monomer. A glucose molecule is an example.
oligosaccharide - ANSWER-A carbohydrate that consists of a short chain of sugar
units. Sucrose is an example.
polysaccharide - ANSWER-A complex carbohydrate that consists of straight or
branched chains of sugar monomers. Cellulose is an example.
fat - ANSWER-A lipid molecule that has up to three fatty acid tails.
, fatty acid - ANSWER-A chemical compound with a backbone of carbon atoms
bonded to a carboxyl group.
lipid - ANSWER-A nonpolar hydrocarbon.
phospholipid - ANSWER-A complex lipid that has a phosphate functional group.
sterol - ANSWER-A typer of lipid that has no fatty acid tail. Sterols include
cholesterol and steroid hormones.
triglyeride - ANSWER-A fat that has three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol
backbone.
amino acid - ANSWER-Any of the small organic compounds that are the building
blocks of proteins.
peptide bond - ANSWER-Covalent bond that joins the amino group of one amino
acid to the carboxl group of a second amino acid.
polypeptide chain - ANSWER-A chain of three or more amino acids joined by peptide
bonds.
primary structure - ANSWER-Of a protein, the particular sequence of amino acids
that makes up the protein.
protein - ANSWER-An organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino
acids.
glycoprotein - ANSWER-A protein that has a sugar, such as an oligosaccharide,
attached to it.
lipoprotein - ANSWER-A protein that has a lipid attached to it.
ATP - ANSWER-Adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide that has phosphate groups
attached and serves as an energy carrier in cells.
coenzyme - ANSWER-An "enzyme helper" molecule that moves hydrogen atoms
and electrons to the sites of chemical reactions in cells.
nucleic acid - ANSWER-A single- or double-stranded molecule built of nucleotides.
DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid.
nucleotide - ANSWER-A molecule built of sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a nitrogen
containing base, and one or more phosphate groups,
RNA - ANSWER-Any of several ribonucleic acids, all of which contain the sugar
ribose; RNAs help build cell proteins.
Cell - ANSWER-An organized unit that can survive and reproduce by itself, using
energy, necessary raw materials, and DNA instructions.
Questions and Answers
hydrogen ion - ANSWER-A proton, H+
hydroxide ion - ANSWER-The negatively charged molecule OH-
pH scale - ANSWER-A measure of the concentration of H+ in a fluid. It is a range
from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic).
buffer - ANSWER-A chemical that can stabilize the pH of a solution by donating or
accepting hydrogen ions (H+).
salt - ANSWER-A compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- in a solution.
condensation reaction - ANSWER-Chemical reaction that covalently bonds two
molecules into a larger one. Water often forms asa by-product.
enzyme - ANSWER-Type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
functional group - ANSWER-Atom or atoms bonded to carbon in a molecule and that
helps determine the molecule's chemical properties.
hydrolysis reaction - ANSWER-Chemical reaction that splits a large molecule into
smaller parts, often using a water molecule in the process.
monomer - ANSWER-A small subunit of a larger molecule (polymer).
organic compound - ANSWER-Compound that contains carbon and at least one
hydrogen atom.
polymer - ANSWER-A large molecule built of monomer subunits.
carbohydrate - ANSWER-A biological molecule built of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.
monosaccharide - ANSWER-The simplest class of carbohydrate, consisting of a
single sugar monomer. A glucose molecule is an example.
oligosaccharide - ANSWER-A carbohydrate that consists of a short chain of sugar
units. Sucrose is an example.
polysaccharide - ANSWER-A complex carbohydrate that consists of straight or
branched chains of sugar monomers. Cellulose is an example.
fat - ANSWER-A lipid molecule that has up to three fatty acid tails.
, fatty acid - ANSWER-A chemical compound with a backbone of carbon atoms
bonded to a carboxyl group.
lipid - ANSWER-A nonpolar hydrocarbon.
phospholipid - ANSWER-A complex lipid that has a phosphate functional group.
sterol - ANSWER-A typer of lipid that has no fatty acid tail. Sterols include
cholesterol and steroid hormones.
triglyeride - ANSWER-A fat that has three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol
backbone.
amino acid - ANSWER-Any of the small organic compounds that are the building
blocks of proteins.
peptide bond - ANSWER-Covalent bond that joins the amino group of one amino
acid to the carboxl group of a second amino acid.
polypeptide chain - ANSWER-A chain of three or more amino acids joined by peptide
bonds.
primary structure - ANSWER-Of a protein, the particular sequence of amino acids
that makes up the protein.
protein - ANSWER-An organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino
acids.
glycoprotein - ANSWER-A protein that has a sugar, such as an oligosaccharide,
attached to it.
lipoprotein - ANSWER-A protein that has a lipid attached to it.
ATP - ANSWER-Adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide that has phosphate groups
attached and serves as an energy carrier in cells.
coenzyme - ANSWER-An "enzyme helper" molecule that moves hydrogen atoms
and electrons to the sites of chemical reactions in cells.
nucleic acid - ANSWER-A single- or double-stranded molecule built of nucleotides.
DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid.
nucleotide - ANSWER-A molecule built of sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a nitrogen
containing base, and one or more phosphate groups,
RNA - ANSWER-Any of several ribonucleic acids, all of which contain the sugar
ribose; RNAs help build cell proteins.
Cell - ANSWER-An organized unit that can survive and reproduce by itself, using
energy, necessary raw materials, and DNA instructions.
