Chapter 2 Anatomy & Physiology Questions with solutions
Draw and label the basic structures of a cell. - answers1. The cells of all living things are composed of a substance cal
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protoplasm, a colorless, jellylike substance in which nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, an
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water are present. 2. organelles (small organs), and the cell membrane 3. The nucleus is the dense, active protoplasm
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found in the center of the cell. It plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. 4. Within the nucleus of th
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cell is the nucleoplasm, which is a fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic a
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(DNA). DNA is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair. 5. Protoplasm is a
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watery gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
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Summarize cell metabolism and its purpose. - answersMetabolism is a chemical process that takes place in living
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organisms. Metabolism converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. Metabolism also eliminates waste. Thes
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functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures.
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Mitochondria take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell. Mitochondria work to keep the cell ful
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energy. This chemical energy used within cells for metabolism is called ATP.6. Neurons or nerve cells (cells that
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transmit nerve impulses)7. The cell membrane is the part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble
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substances to enter and leave.
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List and describe the functions of the four types of tissue found in the human body. - answers1. Connective tissue
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supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. 2. Epithelial tissue is a protective lining on cavities of
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the body and surfaces of organs. 3. Muscle tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the body. 4. Nerve tissue
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carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is
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composed of special cells known as neurons, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
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What are organs? - answersOrgans are a collection of tissues that have an identifiable structure and that perform
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specific functions.
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Name the body systems and their main functions. - answers1. Integumentary- Largest organ of the body, first line of
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defense against infection and water loss; regulates temperature, perceives sensation, produces vitamin D; and has
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absorption capabilities. 2. Skeletal- Forms the physical foundation of the body; consists of the bones and movable an
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immovable joints. 3. Muscular- Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; also contracts and moves various
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parts of the body; consists of muscles. 4. Nervous- Carries messages through the central nervous system, controlling
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and coordinating all bodily functions 5. Circulatory- Controls the steady delivery of the blood through the body; works
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with the lymphatic channels. 6. Immune/Lymphatic- Protects the body from disease by developing resistances and
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destroying disease-causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria. 7. Endocrine- Affects growth, development, sexua
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activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body; consists of specialized glands. 8. Reproductive- Performs th
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function of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another; differentiates between the
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sexes. 9. Respiratory- Enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste
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product. 10. Digestive- Breaks down food into smaller and smaller particles to absorb nutrients or for excretion. 11.
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Excretory- Refers to elimination of waste matter.
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11. Functions to eliminate toxic substances that can affect other body system functions. - answers
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Explain why knowledge of each body system is important to esthetics. - answers1. As skin is the largest organ in the
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body, learning its functions and the work of the accessory organs is a critical component in a skin care therapist's
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success. 2. Important for protecting your own body mechanics when working, as well as knowing physical landmarks
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when providing treatments, including makeup applications. 3. Important when doing massage and performing
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1 / me,me,me,me,me,me,me,me,me,
5
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, electrical treatments such as microcurrent; also important to understand muscle movement to prevent repetitive mot
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fatigue when you are performing treatments. 4. Need to know the location of the facial nerves and their actions when
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performing treatments; nerves control the muscle movements of the face. 5. Health of the circulatory system affects
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skin tissue health; circulatory issues are often contraindications and precautions to treatments; when performing bod
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wraps, for example, understanding which direction to wrap is essential for a good outcome, or an adverse event can
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occur. 6. Many treatments require action from the lymphatic system, including performing lymphatic massage. 7.
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Hormones excreted by the endocrine system have a significant effect on the skin, and an understanding of that
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functioning will help when recognizing the need to refer a client for a medical evaluation; acne breakouts, hair growth,
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and skin oiliness or dryness are a few. 8. The reproductive system and hormonal influences accompanying puberty,
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pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause make significant demands on the skin that require knowledge in order t
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provide a skin-care treatment. 9. Adequate oxygenation of the tissue allows optimum cell functioning; possibility of th
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respiratory spread of infection affects safety and cleanliness. 10. Good nutrition allows optimum functioning of all bod
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systems
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Name five accessory organs to the skin. - answersThe integumentary system is made up of the skin and its various
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accessory organs, such as sensory receptors, hair, nails, and the oil and sweat glands, also called exocrine glands.
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List the primary functions of the skeletal system. - answersThe primary functions of the skeletal system are to: 1. Give
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shape and support to the body 2. Protect various internal structures and organs 3. Serve as attachments for muscles
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and act as levers to produce body movement 4. Help produce both white and red blood cells (one of the functions of
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bone marrow) 5. Store most of the body's calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
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Identify the bones in the skull, cranium, face, neck, chest, and arms and hands and their location. - answers1. Cranium
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The cranium is made up of eight bones: - The occipital bone forms the back of the skull above the nape (NAYP). - The
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two parietal bones form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium. - The frontal bone forms the forehead. - The two
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temporal bones form the sides of the head in the ear region. - The ethmoid bone is the light, spongy bone between the
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eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities. - The sphenoid bone forms the sides of the eye socket. 2. Neck- The
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main bones of the neck are the following: - Hyoid bone, a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the
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tongue and its muscles - Cervical vertebrae, the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the nec
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region 3. The bones of the chest include: - Thorax: the chest or pulmonary trunk consisting of the sternum, ribs, and
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thoracic vertebrae; it is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other
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internal organs - Ribs: twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax - Scapula also known as shoulder blade: th
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large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder; there are two scapulae - Sternum, also known as breastbone: the flat bone
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that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs - Clavicle, also known as collarbone: the bone that joins the sternum a
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scapula 4. The important bones of the arms and hands are as follows: - The humerus is the uppermost and largest bo
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of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder. - The ulna is the inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm
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attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger. - The radius is the smaller bone in the forearm on the
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same side as the thumb. - The carpus, also known as wrist, is a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones
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(carpals) held together by ligaments. - The meta
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List the primary functions of the muscular system. - answersThe muscular system covers, shapes, and supports the
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skeletal tissue. Muscles are fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract according to the demands of the
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body's movements.
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Name the three parts of a voluntary muscle. - answersA skeletal or voluntary muscle has three parts: 1. The origin is th
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more fixed part of the muscle closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary (does not move). 2. The bell
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is the middle part of the muscle. 3. The insertion is the part of the muscle that is the movable attachment and farthest
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from the skeleton.
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5
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Draw and label the basic structures of a cell. - answers1. The cells of all living things are composed of a substance cal
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protoplasm, a colorless, jellylike substance in which nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, an
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water are present. 2. organelles (small organs), and the cell membrane 3. The nucleus is the dense, active protoplasm
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found in the center of the cell. It plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. 4. Within the nucleus of th
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cell is the nucleoplasm, which is a fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic a
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(DNA). DNA is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair. 5. Protoplasm is a
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watery gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
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Summarize cell metabolism and its purpose. - answersMetabolism is a chemical process that takes place in living
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organisms. Metabolism converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. Metabolism also eliminates waste. Thes
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functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures.
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Mitochondria take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell. Mitochondria work to keep the cell ful
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energy. This chemical energy used within cells for metabolism is called ATP.6. Neurons or nerve cells (cells that
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transmit nerve impulses)7. The cell membrane is the part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble
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substances to enter and leave.
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List and describe the functions of the four types of tissue found in the human body. - answers1. Connective tissue
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supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. 2. Epithelial tissue is a protective lining on cavities of
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the body and surfaces of organs. 3. Muscle tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the body. 4. Nerve tissue
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carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is
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composed of special cells known as neurons, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
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What are organs? - answersOrgans are a collection of tissues that have an identifiable structure and that perform
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specific functions.
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Name the body systems and their main functions. - answers1. Integumentary- Largest organ of the body, first line of
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defense against infection and water loss; regulates temperature, perceives sensation, produces vitamin D; and has
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absorption capabilities. 2. Skeletal- Forms the physical foundation of the body; consists of the bones and movable an
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immovable joints. 3. Muscular- Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; also contracts and moves various
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parts of the body; consists of muscles. 4. Nervous- Carries messages through the central nervous system, controlling
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and coordinating all bodily functions 5. Circulatory- Controls the steady delivery of the blood through the body; works
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with the lymphatic channels. 6. Immune/Lymphatic- Protects the body from disease by developing resistances and
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destroying disease-causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria. 7. Endocrine- Affects growth, development, sexua
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activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body; consists of specialized glands. 8. Reproductive- Performs th
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function of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another; differentiates between the
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sexes. 9. Respiratory- Enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste
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product. 10. Digestive- Breaks down food into smaller and smaller particles to absorb nutrients or for excretion. 11.
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Excretory- Refers to elimination of waste matter.
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11. Functions to eliminate toxic substances that can affect other body system functions. - answers
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Explain why knowledge of each body system is important to esthetics. - answers1. As skin is the largest organ in the
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body, learning its functions and the work of the accessory organs is a critical component in a skin care therapist's
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success. 2. Important for protecting your own body mechanics when working, as well as knowing physical landmarks
me, me, me, me, me, me, me, me, me, me, me, me , me, me, me, me, me ,
when providing treatments, including makeup applications. 3. Important when doing massage and performing
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1 / me,me,me,me,me,me,me,me,me,
5
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, electrical treatments such as microcurrent; also important to understand muscle movement to prevent repetitive mot
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fatigue when you are performing treatments. 4. Need to know the location of the facial nerves and their actions when
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performing treatments; nerves control the muscle movements of the face. 5. Health of the circulatory system affects
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skin tissue health; circulatory issues are often contraindications and precautions to treatments; when performing bod
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wraps, for example, understanding which direction to wrap is essential for a good outcome, or an adverse event can
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occur. 6. Many treatments require action from the lymphatic system, including performing lymphatic massage. 7.
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Hormones excreted by the endocrine system have a significant effect on the skin, and an understanding of that
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functioning will help when recognizing the need to refer a client for a medical evaluation; acne breakouts, hair growth,
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and skin oiliness or dryness are a few. 8. The reproductive system and hormonal influences accompanying puberty,
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pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause make significant demands on the skin that require knowledge in order t
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provide a skin-care treatment. 9. Adequate oxygenation of the tissue allows optimum cell functioning; possibility of th
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respiratory spread of infection affects safety and cleanliness. 10. Good nutrition allows optimum functioning of all bod
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systems
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Name five accessory organs to the skin. - answersThe integumentary system is made up of the skin and its various
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accessory organs, such as sensory receptors, hair, nails, and the oil and sweat glands, also called exocrine glands.
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List the primary functions of the skeletal system. - answersThe primary functions of the skeletal system are to: 1. Give
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shape and support to the body 2. Protect various internal structures and organs 3. Serve as attachments for muscles
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and act as levers to produce body movement 4. Help produce both white and red blood cells (one of the functions of
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bone marrow) 5. Store most of the body's calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
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Identify the bones in the skull, cranium, face, neck, chest, and arms and hands and their location. - answers1. Cranium
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The cranium is made up of eight bones: - The occipital bone forms the back of the skull above the nape (NAYP). - The
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two parietal bones form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium. - The frontal bone forms the forehead. - The two
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temporal bones form the sides of the head in the ear region. - The ethmoid bone is the light, spongy bone between the
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eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities. - The sphenoid bone forms the sides of the eye socket. 2. Neck- The
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main bones of the neck are the following: - Hyoid bone, a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the
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tongue and its muscles - Cervical vertebrae, the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the nec
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region 3. The bones of the chest include: - Thorax: the chest or pulmonary trunk consisting of the sternum, ribs, and
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thoracic vertebrae; it is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other
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internal organs - Ribs: twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax - Scapula also known as shoulder blade: th
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large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder; there are two scapulae - Sternum, also known as breastbone: the flat bone
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that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs - Clavicle, also known as collarbone: the bone that joins the sternum a
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scapula 4. The important bones of the arms and hands are as follows: - The humerus is the uppermost and largest bo
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of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder. - The ulna is the inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm
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attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger. - The radius is the smaller bone in the forearm on the
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same side as the thumb. - The carpus, also known as wrist, is a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones
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(carpals) held together by ligaments. - The meta
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List the primary functions of the muscular system. - answersThe muscular system covers, shapes, and supports the
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skeletal tissue. Muscles are fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract according to the demands of the
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body's movements.
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Name the three parts of a voluntary muscle. - answersA skeletal or voluntary muscle has three parts: 1. The origin is th
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more fixed part of the muscle closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary (does not move). 2. The bell
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is the middle part of the muscle. 3. The insertion is the part of the muscle that is the movable attachment and farthest
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from the skeleton.
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5
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