EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP
FUNDAMENTALS TEST (ELF TEST) WITH ALL
CORRECT & VERIFIED ANSWERS
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs Correct answer-1. Biological and Physiological needs - air,
food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving
affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect,
respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and
peak experiences.
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development Correct answer-a. Learning Basic Trust Versus
Basic Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust through the care, love and
nurture he receives
b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old; child expresses
autonomy
c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;" child engages in creativity
and imagination
d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old); interaction with peers;
understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline
e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20 years old); self identity
f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage
g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood, marriage
h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of what one has
accomplished
Kolb's learning process Correct answer-a. Experience: having a concrete experience
b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience
c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions)
d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences
Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children Correct answer-a. Sensorimotor - The idea that an
object is still present, even if hidden.
b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and given a meaning to an
object.
c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences and tangible things.
d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts apart from their
concrete existence.
Vygotsky's learning theories Correct answer-Based on the social experiences a person has; learning
from others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Correct answer-This theorist found that when you have a pleasant
experience, such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as positive. This is known
as operant conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism. They used rewards and punishments to
control students, because they believed that by controlling the environment, they would produce
well‐educated students.
, Sensorimotor Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of
age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor
activities
Preoperational Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of
age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations
of concrete logic
Concrete Operational Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development
(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable
them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development
(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract
concepts
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Correct answer-Stage 1: Obedience and punishment.
Stage 2: Self-interest.
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity.
Stage 4: Authority and maintaining social order.
Stage 5: Social contract.
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles.
Froebel Correct answer-This theorist developed the idea for kindergarten based on the belief that
children learned best through play. He is credited with creating the first kindergarten.
Alfred Adler Correct answer-This theorist stressed the importance of nurturing feelings of
belonging and striving for superiority.
cognitive development Correct answer-development of a child's thinking and reasoning ability.
Physical development Correct answer-development based on growth of the body
Social development Correct answer-development based on the environment and relationships
Emotional development Correct answer-development of feelings about oneself and other people.
It is also about the growth of confidence and independence.
Characteristics of Different Developmental Stages Correct answer-1. Infancy (0-1 year)
2. Early Childhood (1-3 years)
3. Preschool (3-6 years)
4. School Age (6-12 years)
5. Adolescence and early adulthood - Social and emotional issues
1) Adolescence is a roller coaster of a time, and these difficulties often manifest themselves in
various ways in the classroom.
2) Sexism, racism, and homophobia will often appear in many ways as the students are going through
puberty and are enjoying the novelty of these issues.
3) It is important to maintain a safe environment in any classroom, therefore these sorts of
comments should not be tolerated, a fact which should be made clear from the start.
FUNDAMENTALS TEST (ELF TEST) WITH ALL
CORRECT & VERIFIED ANSWERS
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs Correct answer-1. Biological and Physiological needs - air,
food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving
affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect,
respect from others.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and
peak experiences.
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development Correct answer-a. Learning Basic Trust Versus
Basic Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust through the care, love and
nurture he receives
b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old; child expresses
autonomy
c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;" child engages in creativity
and imagination
d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old); interaction with peers;
understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline
e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20 years old); self identity
f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage
g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood, marriage
h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of what one has
accomplished
Kolb's learning process Correct answer-a. Experience: having a concrete experience
b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience
c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions)
d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences
Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children Correct answer-a. Sensorimotor - The idea that an
object is still present, even if hidden.
b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and given a meaning to an
object.
c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences and tangible things.
d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts apart from their
concrete existence.
Vygotsky's learning theories Correct answer-Based on the social experiences a person has; learning
from others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Correct answer-This theorist found that when you have a pleasant
experience, such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as positive. This is known
as operant conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism. They used rewards and punishments to
control students, because they believed that by controlling the environment, they would produce
well‐educated students.
, Sensorimotor Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of
age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor
activities
Preoperational Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of
age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations
of concrete logic
Concrete Operational Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development
(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable
them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage Correct answer-In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development
(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract
concepts
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Correct answer-Stage 1: Obedience and punishment.
Stage 2: Self-interest.
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity.
Stage 4: Authority and maintaining social order.
Stage 5: Social contract.
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles.
Froebel Correct answer-This theorist developed the idea for kindergarten based on the belief that
children learned best through play. He is credited with creating the first kindergarten.
Alfred Adler Correct answer-This theorist stressed the importance of nurturing feelings of
belonging and striving for superiority.
cognitive development Correct answer-development of a child's thinking and reasoning ability.
Physical development Correct answer-development based on growth of the body
Social development Correct answer-development based on the environment and relationships
Emotional development Correct answer-development of feelings about oneself and other people.
It is also about the growth of confidence and independence.
Characteristics of Different Developmental Stages Correct answer-1. Infancy (0-1 year)
2. Early Childhood (1-3 years)
3. Preschool (3-6 years)
4. School Age (6-12 years)
5. Adolescence and early adulthood - Social and emotional issues
1) Adolescence is a roller coaster of a time, and these difficulties often manifest themselves in
various ways in the classroom.
2) Sexism, racism, and homophobia will often appear in many ways as the students are going through
puberty and are enjoying the novelty of these issues.
3) It is important to maintain a safe environment in any classroom, therefore these sorts of
comments should not be tolerated, a fact which should be made clear from the start.
