HCC microbiology Exam Cheatsheet 2025/26 |
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What is the ultimate function of metabolism? - to reproduce the organism
anabolism - building more complex molecules from simple molecules
catabolic is what kind of reaction - exergonic (releases energy)
What are three important electron carriers? - NAD+, NADP+, FAD
What is phosphorylation? - The process of adding inorganic phosphate to a substrate
Enzymes do what? - organic catalysts. They increase the likelihood of the reaction by
lowering the activation energy needd for a reaction
What is an apoenzyme? - an enzyme that is inactive if no bound to a nonprotein cofactor.
the binding of an apoenzyme and its cofactor creates a holoenzyme
what is a holoenzyme - the result of an apoenzyme and its cofactor binding together. this
is now an active enzyme.
allosteric activator does what? - binds o the enzyme to form a functional activation site
where a substrate can bind
allosteric inhibitor does what? - binds to the enzyme and distorts the activation site. now
the substrate cannot bind
glucose is catabolized by what two processes? - cellular respiration and fermentation
Why do all possible chemical reactions not happen all at the same time? - because
processes need activation energy. need to use the endergonic reaction to drive the exogonc
reaction
glyolysis takes place where? - the cytoplasm
in an ideal prokaryotic aerobic respiration, how many molecules of ATP are net produced from
one molecule of glucose? - 38 molecules
What is a biofilm? - collcetion of microbes living on a surface in a complex community
What are the results of microbial growth? - discrete colonies or biofilms
, organism that uses an iinorganic source of carbon as its carbon source and light as its primary
energy source? - photoautotroph
autotrophs are what? - producers
heterotrophs are what? - consumers
Facultative anaerobes and oxygen relationship - they can live in both oxygen and no
oxygen- but grow better with oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes - can tolerate oxygen because oxygen does not affect them
Microaerophiles - prefer a low concentration of oxygen
hypertonic solutions causes the cell to what? - shrink because water leaves the cell. This
is because the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell.
What is NOT a benefit to microbes living in a biofilm? - more choices for reproductive
mates, increasing genetic diversity
all cells recycle nitrogen for what reason? - to build amino acids and nucelotides
Nitrogen fixation - this process by certain bacteria is essential to life on earth. The
relationship where bacteria live on roots and convert atmospheric nitrogen to usable nitrogen is
a symbiotic one.
What must be done to a sample before the pour plate technique is performed? - colony
forming units must be separated by performing serial dilutions.
Best method for storing bacterial samples for short periods of time? - refrigeration
why is temperature important in growth? - temperature affects the 3D structure of
proteins. the lipid containing membranes of cells are temperature sensitive. organisms have a
minimum, optimum, and maximum temperature
humans are mesophiles - yes
What are neutrophiles? - they grow best in narrow range around neutral PH (7)
What are acidophiles? - they grow best in acidic habitats (0-7)
Alkalinophiles - live in alkaline soils and water (7-14)
What are the two physical effects of water? - osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
Verified, Graded, and Pass Guaranteed
What is the ultimate function of metabolism? - to reproduce the organism
anabolism - building more complex molecules from simple molecules
catabolic is what kind of reaction - exergonic (releases energy)
What are three important electron carriers? - NAD+, NADP+, FAD
What is phosphorylation? - The process of adding inorganic phosphate to a substrate
Enzymes do what? - organic catalysts. They increase the likelihood of the reaction by
lowering the activation energy needd for a reaction
What is an apoenzyme? - an enzyme that is inactive if no bound to a nonprotein cofactor.
the binding of an apoenzyme and its cofactor creates a holoenzyme
what is a holoenzyme - the result of an apoenzyme and its cofactor binding together. this
is now an active enzyme.
allosteric activator does what? - binds o the enzyme to form a functional activation site
where a substrate can bind
allosteric inhibitor does what? - binds to the enzyme and distorts the activation site. now
the substrate cannot bind
glucose is catabolized by what two processes? - cellular respiration and fermentation
Why do all possible chemical reactions not happen all at the same time? - because
processes need activation energy. need to use the endergonic reaction to drive the exogonc
reaction
glyolysis takes place where? - the cytoplasm
in an ideal prokaryotic aerobic respiration, how many molecules of ATP are net produced from
one molecule of glucose? - 38 molecules
What is a biofilm? - collcetion of microbes living on a surface in a complex community
What are the results of microbial growth? - discrete colonies or biofilms
, organism that uses an iinorganic source of carbon as its carbon source and light as its primary
energy source? - photoautotroph
autotrophs are what? - producers
heterotrophs are what? - consumers
Facultative anaerobes and oxygen relationship - they can live in both oxygen and no
oxygen- but grow better with oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes - can tolerate oxygen because oxygen does not affect them
Microaerophiles - prefer a low concentration of oxygen
hypertonic solutions causes the cell to what? - shrink because water leaves the cell. This
is because the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell.
What is NOT a benefit to microbes living in a biofilm? - more choices for reproductive
mates, increasing genetic diversity
all cells recycle nitrogen for what reason? - to build amino acids and nucelotides
Nitrogen fixation - this process by certain bacteria is essential to life on earth. The
relationship where bacteria live on roots and convert atmospheric nitrogen to usable nitrogen is
a symbiotic one.
What must be done to a sample before the pour plate technique is performed? - colony
forming units must be separated by performing serial dilutions.
Best method for storing bacterial samples for short periods of time? - refrigeration
why is temperature important in growth? - temperature affects the 3D structure of
proteins. the lipid containing membranes of cells are temperature sensitive. organisms have a
minimum, optimum, and maximum temperature
humans are mesophiles - yes
What are neutrophiles? - they grow best in narrow range around neutral PH (7)
What are acidophiles? - they grow best in acidic habitats (0-7)
Alkalinophiles - live in alkaline soils and water (7-14)
What are the two physical effects of water? - osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
