BIOLOGY
Biology 152 Midterm Exam 2025
Biological fitness definition
(an organisms health) - Correct Ans-"a measure of the extent to which an individual's
genotype
is represented in the next generation."
Biological fitness - Correct Ans-Adaptation, survival, and reproduction
Does that trait allow an organism to have more offspring relative to other
individuals in the population that have a different version of that trait
Viable offspring - Correct Ans-alive and generally able to survive typical conditions
Biological adaptation - Correct Ans-the ability of an organism to react to changes in
environment
Adaptation - Correct Ans-Adaptation is relative so it has to be thought about in context
and what
environments those organisms are living in
Traits that increase fitness - Correct Ans-Higher fitness= more copies of the trait passed
to future generations
Ultraviolet radiation - Correct Ans-Very energetic that it can penetrate human cells
Can wreak havoc within the cells and cause mutations in DNA
MC1R - Correct Ans-one of the many genes linked to skin pigmentation
Folate - Correct Ans-essential nutrient that needs to be protected from UV radiation
○ This is where melanin comes in
evolution - Correct Ans-is the unifying theory of biology
biological evolution - Correct Ans-a change in frequency of a genetic trait in a population
over time
Scienitific Theory - Correct Ans-a conceptual framework that explains existing facts and
predict new ones
gene pool - Correct Ans-all of the alleles in all of those individuals of a population
together
artificial selection - Correct Ans-humans or other organisms are choosing which
members survive and pass on thier genes
BIOLOGY
, BIOLOGY
mutation/recombination - Correct Ans-forming of new alleles
gene flow - Correct Ans-movement of genes from one population to another
migration - Correct Ans-movement of individuals between populations within one
species
non-random mating - Correct Ans-mating between individuals of the same phenotype or
by those who live nearby
genetic drift - Correct Ans-changes that occur by chance
bottleneck effect - Correct Ans-population that is reduced due to some kind of
catastrophic event
founder effect - Correct Ans-dispersal event
natural selection - Correct Ans-process where traits that fitness becomes more common
over generations
mutation - Correct Ans-ultimate source of all genetic variation
recombination - Correct Ans-shuffles mutations into new combinations
fixation - Correct Ans-when frequency of an allele is 100%
adaptation - Correct Ans-Trait that promotes relatively higher rates of survival and
reproduction
biological fitness - Correct Ans-measure of the ability of a particular genotype to lead to
viable offspring relative to other genotypes
natural selection - Correct Ans-process by which those traits that increases become
more common in a population over generations
Taxonomy - Correct Ans-naming groups of organisms and organizing them
into a classification system
Phylogenetics - Correct Ans-studying evolutionary history (patterns and
processes of evolution)
Taxonomist - Correct Ans-scientists who develop and use species
concepts to delineate (draw boundaries among) species
BIOLOGY
Biology 152 Midterm Exam 2025
Biological fitness definition
(an organisms health) - Correct Ans-"a measure of the extent to which an individual's
genotype
is represented in the next generation."
Biological fitness - Correct Ans-Adaptation, survival, and reproduction
Does that trait allow an organism to have more offspring relative to other
individuals in the population that have a different version of that trait
Viable offspring - Correct Ans-alive and generally able to survive typical conditions
Biological adaptation - Correct Ans-the ability of an organism to react to changes in
environment
Adaptation - Correct Ans-Adaptation is relative so it has to be thought about in context
and what
environments those organisms are living in
Traits that increase fitness - Correct Ans-Higher fitness= more copies of the trait passed
to future generations
Ultraviolet radiation - Correct Ans-Very energetic that it can penetrate human cells
Can wreak havoc within the cells and cause mutations in DNA
MC1R - Correct Ans-one of the many genes linked to skin pigmentation
Folate - Correct Ans-essential nutrient that needs to be protected from UV radiation
○ This is where melanin comes in
evolution - Correct Ans-is the unifying theory of biology
biological evolution - Correct Ans-a change in frequency of a genetic trait in a population
over time
Scienitific Theory - Correct Ans-a conceptual framework that explains existing facts and
predict new ones
gene pool - Correct Ans-all of the alleles in all of those individuals of a population
together
artificial selection - Correct Ans-humans or other organisms are choosing which
members survive and pass on thier genes
BIOLOGY
, BIOLOGY
mutation/recombination - Correct Ans-forming of new alleles
gene flow - Correct Ans-movement of genes from one population to another
migration - Correct Ans-movement of individuals between populations within one
species
non-random mating - Correct Ans-mating between individuals of the same phenotype or
by those who live nearby
genetic drift - Correct Ans-changes that occur by chance
bottleneck effect - Correct Ans-population that is reduced due to some kind of
catastrophic event
founder effect - Correct Ans-dispersal event
natural selection - Correct Ans-process where traits that fitness becomes more common
over generations
mutation - Correct Ans-ultimate source of all genetic variation
recombination - Correct Ans-shuffles mutations into new combinations
fixation - Correct Ans-when frequency of an allele is 100%
adaptation - Correct Ans-Trait that promotes relatively higher rates of survival and
reproduction
biological fitness - Correct Ans-measure of the ability of a particular genotype to lead to
viable offspring relative to other genotypes
natural selection - Correct Ans-process by which those traits that increases become
more common in a population over generations
Taxonomy - Correct Ans-naming groups of organisms and organizing them
into a classification system
Phylogenetics - Correct Ans-studying evolutionary history (patterns and
processes of evolution)
Taxonomist - Correct Ans-scientists who develop and use species
concepts to delineate (draw boundaries among) species
BIOLOGY
