Exam 1: NSG3850 / NSG 3850 (Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Pathophysiology for Nurses II | 100 out of 100| Questions and Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct – Galen

Exam 1: NSG3850 / NSG 3850 (Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Pathophysiology for Nurses II | 100 out of 100| Questions and Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct – Galen • Question: Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of a. hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia b. hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia c. hypocalcemia and hypokalemia d. hypernatremia and hypomagnesemia Answer: A Question: What is likely to lead to hyponatremia? a. insufficient ADH secretion b. excess aldosterone secretion c. administration of IV normal saline d. frequent NG tube irrigation with water Answer: D Question: An increase int he resting membrane potential (hyperpolarizied) is associated with a. hypokalemia b. hyperkalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hypercalcemia Answer: A Question: Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with a. hyponatremia b. hypocalcemia c. hypophosphatemia d. hypokalemia Answer: C Question: The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is a. three fourths b. two thirds c. one half d. one third Answer: B Question: Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by a. excess proteins b. renal damage c. deficiency of ATP d. hypocalcemia Answer: C Question: A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop a. hypokalemia b. hyperkalemia c. hypophosphatemia d. hyperphosphatemia Answer: C . Question: The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid that in the intracellular fluid is ___ ions a. sodium b. phosphate c. magnesium d. potassium Answer: A Question: A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop a. hypokalemia b. hyperkalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hypercalcemia Answer: D Question: The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure a. capillary hydrostatic b. interstitial osmotic c. capillary osmotic d. interstitial hydrostatic Answer: C . Question: How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema? a. through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment b. by causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular compartment, which leads to cell swelling c. through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interdigital fluid hydrostatic pressure d. by allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Answer: D Question: The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is a. filtration b. osmosis c. active transport d. diffusion Answer: B Question: Which electrolyte imbalances cause increase neuromuscular excitability? a. hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia b. hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia c. hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia d. hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia Answer: C Question: Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause ____ concentration a. increased serum sodium b. decreased serum sodium c. increased serum potassium d. decreased serum potassium Answer: B Question: Causes of hypomagnesemia include a. hyperphophatemia b. chronic alcoholism c. oliguric renal failure d. clinical dehydration Answer: B Question: Hypernatremia may be caused by a. decreased aldosterone secretion b. decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion c. compulsive water drinking d. excessive dietary potassium Answer: B Question: Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include a. weak pulse, low BP, increased HR b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, diarrhea c. confusion, lethargy, coma, seizures d. cardiac dysrhythmias, parenthesis, muscle weakness Answer: C Question: Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include a. weak pulse, low BP, increased HR b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, diarrhea c. confusion, lethargy, coma, seizures d. cardiac dysrhythmias, parenthesis, muscle weakness Answer: A Question: the imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is a. metabolic alkalosis b. hyperkalemia c. hypokalemia d. hypophosphatemia Answer: B Question: A known cause of hypokalemia is a. oliguric renal failure b. pancreatitis c. insulin overdose d. hyperparathyroidism Answer: C Question: Effects of hypernatremia on the CNS typically include a. confusion b. excitation c. insomnia d. hallucinations Answer: A Question: Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include a. muscle spasms and rapid respirations b. muscle weakness and cardia dysrhythmias c. confusion nd irritability d. vomiting and diarrhea Answer: B Question: The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who a. self-administers a daily tap water enema to manage a partial bowel obstruction b. received tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke c. has ectopic production of ADH from small cell carcinoma of the lung d. is receiving IV 0.9% NaCl at a fast rate Answer: B Question: What form of oral rehydration, bottled water or salty broth, is best suited for a patient who is demonstrating signs of clinical dehydration? a. Bottled water, because he is so weak that he might choke on the fluid when he swallows, and water would be less damaging to the lungs than salty soup b. Bottled water, because it will rehydrate his cells c. Salty soup, because he needs nutrition as well as fluid d. Salty soup, because it will provide some sodium to help hold the fluid in his blood Answer: vessels and interstitial fluid D Question: A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly a. check the patellar reflex; if it becomes more and more hyperactive, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. b. check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. c. check the patellar reflex; if it stays the same, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. d. check for seizure activity; if no seizures occur, her infusion rate is correct. Answer: B Question: A pt. has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of a. hypercalcemia b. hypermagnesemia c. decreased neuromuscular excitability d. increased neuromuscular excitability Answer: D Question: How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone- related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance? a. serum calcium, Chovostek and Trousseau signs b. serum calcium, bowel function, LOC c. serum potassium, Chvostek and Trousseau signs d. serum potassium, bowel function, LOC Answer: B Question: The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a pt. a. takes very large doses of vit. D to supplement during chemotherapy for breast cancer b. has fatty stools from taking an OTC weight loss product that decreases absorption of fat c. has chronic HR that is treated with diuretics d. experiences anorexia and chronic oliguric renal failure Answer: C Question: What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly pt receiving tube feeding? a. too much sodium in the feedings b. excess of feedings c. inadequate water intake d. kidney failure Answer: C . Question: Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of a. cellular fluid shifts b. vascular collapse c. hyperosmolarity d. hypervolemia Answer: A Question: The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the a. bone marrow b. kidney c. lung d. liver Answer: B . Question: Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count? a. renal ds b. aplastic anemia c. hypertension d. hemolytic anemia Answer: D . Question: What is necessary for RBC production? a. phosphate b. iron c. magnesium d. calcium Answer: B Question: Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia? a. increased total iron-binding capacity b. increased HR c. hypovolemia d. jaundice Answer: D Question: A low mean corpusclar hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia? a. vitamin B12 deficiency b. folate deficiency c. iron deficiency d. erythropoietin deficiency Answer: C Question: Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as a. carboxyhemoglobin b. bicarbonate ion c. dissolved carbon dioxide d. carbonic acid Answer: B Question: A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is a. elevated total iron-binding capacity b. elevated MCHC and MCV c. elevated total and indirect bilirubin d. positive direct or indirect Coombs test Answer: A Question: What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia? a. leukocytosis b. thrombocythemia c. neutrophilia d. pancytopenia Answer: D Question: The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is a. iron administration b. high-protein diet c. erythropoietin administration d. vitamin B12 and folate administration Answer: C Question: Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of a. iron b. intrinsic factor c. folate d. erythropoietin Answer: B Question: The cause of the most common form of anemia is a. acute bleeding b. iron deficiency c. protein malnutrition d. chronic malnutrition Answer: B Question: Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia bc they are both a. hyperchromic b. microcytic c. genetic d. response to iron therapy Answer: B Question: A pt. is diagnosed with aplastic anemia. The nurse expects to find what pt. symptoms upon assessment? a. lethargy b. heart palpitations c. transient murmurs d. bradycardia e. orthopnea Answer: A, B, C Question: The nurse is educating a patient diagnosed with anemia of chronic renal failure about the disease. Which statements made by the nurse are correct regarding the patient's treatment? (Select all that apply.) a, "Since your glomerular filtration is 13 mL/min, you'll be started on dialysis." b. "Your hematocrit is 29%, so you're going to start on erythropoietin therapy." c. "Your hemoglobin is 9 g/dL, so you'll need erythropoietin therapy." d. "We need to get your hemoglobin up to at least 15 g/dL" e. "You're going to need iron, folate, and B12 therapy to help improve your blood counts." Answer: A, B, C, E Question: Anemia related to B12 or folate deficiency is characterized by what lab features? (select all that apply" a. RBC counts of 775,000 to 900,000 cells/mm3 b. RBC counts of 500,000 to 750,000 cells/mm3 c. WBC counts of 3000 to 4000 cells/mm3 d. WBC counts of 4000 to 5000 cells/mm3 e. Platelet counts of 60,000 cells/mm3 Answer: B, D Question: Regarding iron-defieicny anemia, what lab features are typically decreased? (select all that apply): a. MCV b. MCH c. MCHC d. WBC e. thrombocytes Answer: A, B, C Question: One of the cardinal features of sickle cell anemia includes acute and chronic dysfunction of which organs? (select all that apply): a. spleen b. bones c. brain d. lungs e. stomach Answer: A, B, C, D Question: A newborn pt is diagnosed with hemolytic disease. The nurse may expect to find what s/s? (select all that apply): a. petechial hemorrhages b. hepatomegaly c. splenomegaly d. kernicterus e. erythema Answer: A, B, C, D Question: The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts. True or False Answer: True Question: Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete? a. metabolic b. carbonic c. bicarbonate d. ammonia Answer: B Question: The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by a. hypoventilation b. decreasing arterial carbon dioxide c. increasing bicarbonate ion excretion d. hyperventilation Answer: A Question: The ABG pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30mmHg, HCO3- =24mmHg demonstrates a. metabolic acidosis b. respiratory acidosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. mixed alkalosis Answer: C Question: Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to a. metabolic alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory acidosis d. mixed acid-base disorders Answer: B Question: Respiratory acidosis is associated with a. increased carbonic acid b. hypokalemia c. increased neuromuscular excitability d. increased pH Answer: A Question: Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of a. carbonic acid deficit b. metabolic acid deficit c. metabolic acidosis d. carbonic acid excess Answer: B Question: The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis Answer: A Question: A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic alkalosis d. metabolic acidosis Answer: B Question: A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation sx may experience a. neuromuscular depression b. anxiety acidosis c. numbness and tingling in the extremities d. acute compensatory metabolic acidosis Answer: C Question: The major buffer in the extracellular fluid is a. hemoglobin b. albumin c. bicarbonate d. phosphate Answer: C Question: Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by a. decreased carbon dioxide b. elevated carbon dioxide c. decreased bicarbonate ion concentration d. elevated bicarbonate ion concentration Answer: D . Question: Causes of metabolic acidosis include a. hyperventilation b. massive blood transfusion c. tissue hypoxia d. hypoventilation C Question: Respiratory acidosis may be caused by a. hyperventilation b. massive blood transfusion c. tissue hypoxia d. hypoventilation D Question: Emesis causes a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis D Question: Diarrhea causes a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis C Question: The ______ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis a. gastrointestinal b. renal c. cardiovascular d. respiratory D Question: Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in a. increased pH, increased HCO3- b. increased pH, decreased HCO3- c. decreased pH, increased HCO3- d. decreased pH, decreased HCO2- A Question: Respiratory alkalosis is caused by a. hyperventilation b. pneumonia c. chest muscle weakness d. pulmonary edema A Question: Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include a. coma b. headache c. muscle cramps d. short and shallow respirations B Question: Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by a. hypernatremia b. hyponatremia c. hyperkalemia d. hypokalemia D Question: The pt. who requires the most careful monitoring for development of metabolic acidosis is a pt. who a. is in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure b. has had hypokalemia for over a week c. has had diarrhea for over a week d. has newly diagnosed Cushing syndrome C Question: A 3y/o is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What s/s should you anticipate in your assessment? a. slow, shallow breathing, belligerence, hyper-excitability b. slow, shallow breathing, numbness and tingling around his mouth c. rapid, deep breathing, lethargy and and pain d. rapid, deep breathing, tremors, elevated BP C Question: A client tells the nurse about passing out after following a fêting diet for 5 days. Which acid-base imbalance should the nurse expect to asses in this client? a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis C Question: A client has experienced a narcotic overdose. What acid-base imbalance should the nurse expect to observe in this client? a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis A . Question: You are caring for a pt who c/o nausea and feeling drowsy. You notice she has flushing of her skin and a BP of 98/72. What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse expect? a. hypermagnesemia b. hypomagnesemia c. hyponatremia c. hypernatremia A Question: A pt. is notes to have Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign. What foods would you recommend? a. coconut oil and fish b. almonds and oatmeal c. bananas and ham d. hard cheese and prune juice B Question: The nurse notes a pt's serum sodium level is 128. What should the nurse place at the B-side for safety? a. urinal and bedpain b. nonskid socks and hand sanitizer c. bedside table and honey thick beverages d. ambubag and suction set up D