Summary NURS 3381 Exam 3 Study Guide
Epilepticus - ANSWERIV benzodiazepines (lorazepam or diazepam).-nSecond-line Treatment for Status
Epilepticus - ANSWERIV phenytoin or fosphenytoin to prevent further seizures.-nSupportive Care for
Status Epilepticus - ANSWERMaintain airway, oxygenation, and monitor vitals. Address underlying
causes (e.g., hypoglycemia, infections).-nParkinson's Disease Cues and Clues - ANSWERTremors (e.g.,
pill-rolling), bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, postural instability, shuffling gait, masked facial expression.-
nLevodopa-Carbidopa - ANSWERRestores dopamine in the brain.-nDopamine Agonists -
ANSWERBromocriptine, pramipexole.-nMAO-B Inhibitors - ANSWERSelegiline (slows dopamine
breakdown).-nAnticholinergics for Parkinson's - ANSWERBenztropine (for tremors and rigidity).-
nAdministration of Anticholinergics - ANSWERTake with low-protein meals to enhance absorption.
Avoid abrupt discontinuation to prevent rebound symptoms.-nBenztropine Side Effects - ANSWERDry
mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia.-nPathophysiology of Parkinson's
Disease - ANSWERDecrease in dopamine production causes an imbalance with acetylcholine, leading to
motor dysfunction.-nNursing Interventions for Side Effects - ANSWERMonitor hydration and bowel
function. Encourage fluids and high-fiber diet for constipation. Avoid tasks requiring mental alertness if
drowsiness occurs.-nDiphenoxylate with Atropine - Adverse Effects - ANSWERDry mouth, drowsiness,
dizziness, tachycardia, constipation. Contraindicated in patients with severe diarrhea caused by
infections (e.g., C. difficile).-nConstipation - Who Does It Affect? - ANSWEROlder adults, immobile
patients, individuals with low-fiber diets or inadequate fluid intake.-nNon-Pharm Treatments for
Constipation - ANSWERHigh-fiber diet (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains). Increase fluid intake to 2-3
liters daily. Regular physical activity.-nSeizures - Phenytoin Therapeutic Level - ANSWERTherapeutic
Level: 10-20 mcg/mL. Monitor for toxicity (nystagmus, ataxia, confusion) if levels exceed 20 mcg/mL.-
nStimulant Uses - ANSWERADHD: Increase attention span, decrease hyperactivity. Narcolepsy: Promote
wakefulness. Appetite suppression (limited use due to abuse potential).-nBenzodiazepine - Antidote -
ANSWERAntidote: Flumazenil (administered IV). Used to reverse sedation and respiratory depression
caused by benzodiazepine overdose.-nAspirin - Signs and Symptoms of Side/Adverse Effects -
ANSWERGI irritation, bleeding, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome (in children with viral infections).-
nAcetaminophen - Patient Education - ANSWERDo not exceed 4g/day to avoid hepatotoxicity. Avoid
, alcohol consumption while taking acetaminophen.-nInsomnia - Non-Pharm Treatments -
ANSWERMaintain a consistent sleep schedule. Avoid caffeine and alcohol before bedtime. Engage in
relaxing pre-sleep routines (e.g., warm bath, soothing music).-nNarcotics - Side Effects -
ANSWERRespiratory depression, constipation, sedation, nausea/vomiting, euphoria.-nNursing
Interventions for Narcotics - ANSWERMonitor respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. Administer stool
softeners or laxatives for constipation. Educate about the risk of dependency.-nSpinal Anesthesia -
ANSWERInjected into the subarachnoid space. Causes temporary loss of sensation and motor function
below the injection site. Side effects: Hypotension, headache, respiratory depression.-nNSAIDs -
Contraindications - ANSWERHistory of peptic ulcers, GI bleeding, kidney disease, asthma (risk of
bronchospasm).-nMild to Severe Pain Treatment - ANSWERMild Pain: Acetaminophen, NSAIDs.
Moderate Pain: Combination of acetaminophen and opioids (e.g., hydrocodone). Severe Pain: Pure
opioids (e.g., morphine, fentanyl).-nTypical Antipsychotics - Side/Adverse Effects -
ANSWERExtrapyramidal symptoms (e.g., tardive dyskinesia, dystonia), sedation, hypotension.-
nTreatment for Extrapyramidal Symptoms - ANSWERUse of anticholinergic drugs (e.g., benztropine) for
EPS. Adjust dosage or switch to atypical antipsychotics.-nMAOIs - Diet - ANSWERAvoid tyramine-rich
foods (e.g., aged cheese, cured meats, red wine) to prevent hypertensive crisis.-nNursing Interventions
for Lithium - ANSWERMonitor therapeutic range (0.6-1.2 mEq/L). Assess for signs of toxicity (nausea,
tremors, confusion, ataxia). Encourage adequate fluid aNonpharmacological Ways to Induce Sleep -
ANSWERRecommendations include maintaining consistent sleep and wake schedules, avoiding daytime
naps or limiting them to 20-30 minutes, avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine at least 6 hours before
bedtime, engaging in relaxing activities before bed, and avoiding heavy meals or vigorous exercise 2-3
hours before sleep.-nADHD Cues and Clues - ANSWERInattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and
poor concentration; diagnosed before age 7 and more common in boys.-nMethylphenidate (Ritalin) -
ANSWERImproves attention span and decreases impulsivity.-nAmphetamines - ANSWERIncrease
release and inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.-nDiet for ADHD - ANSWERAvoid
excessive sugar and caffeine; promote balanced meals rich in nutrients to support brain function.-
nPatient Teaching for ADHD Medications - ANSWERAdminister medication 30-45 minutes before meals,
avoid taking medication in the evening to prevent insomnia, and monitor for weight loss and growth
suppression.-nPsyllium - ANSWERA bulk-forming laxative; mix with a full glass of water and drink
immediately to prevent esophageal obstruction; increase water intake throughout the day to prevent
constipation.-nH2 Blockers - ANSWERExamples include ranitidine and famotidine; avoid foods that
aggravate reflux and take it at bedtime if once a day.-nAdministration of H2 Blockers - ANSWERDo not
Epilepticus - ANSWERIV benzodiazepines (lorazepam or diazepam).-nSecond-line Treatment for Status
Epilepticus - ANSWERIV phenytoin or fosphenytoin to prevent further seizures.-nSupportive Care for
Status Epilepticus - ANSWERMaintain airway, oxygenation, and monitor vitals. Address underlying
causes (e.g., hypoglycemia, infections).-nParkinson's Disease Cues and Clues - ANSWERTremors (e.g.,
pill-rolling), bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, postural instability, shuffling gait, masked facial expression.-
nLevodopa-Carbidopa - ANSWERRestores dopamine in the brain.-nDopamine Agonists -
ANSWERBromocriptine, pramipexole.-nMAO-B Inhibitors - ANSWERSelegiline (slows dopamine
breakdown).-nAnticholinergics for Parkinson's - ANSWERBenztropine (for tremors and rigidity).-
nAdministration of Anticholinergics - ANSWERTake with low-protein meals to enhance absorption.
Avoid abrupt discontinuation to prevent rebound symptoms.-nBenztropine Side Effects - ANSWERDry
mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia.-nPathophysiology of Parkinson's
Disease - ANSWERDecrease in dopamine production causes an imbalance with acetylcholine, leading to
motor dysfunction.-nNursing Interventions for Side Effects - ANSWERMonitor hydration and bowel
function. Encourage fluids and high-fiber diet for constipation. Avoid tasks requiring mental alertness if
drowsiness occurs.-nDiphenoxylate with Atropine - Adverse Effects - ANSWERDry mouth, drowsiness,
dizziness, tachycardia, constipation. Contraindicated in patients with severe diarrhea caused by
infections (e.g., C. difficile).-nConstipation - Who Does It Affect? - ANSWEROlder adults, immobile
patients, individuals with low-fiber diets or inadequate fluid intake.-nNon-Pharm Treatments for
Constipation - ANSWERHigh-fiber diet (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains). Increase fluid intake to 2-3
liters daily. Regular physical activity.-nSeizures - Phenytoin Therapeutic Level - ANSWERTherapeutic
Level: 10-20 mcg/mL. Monitor for toxicity (nystagmus, ataxia, confusion) if levels exceed 20 mcg/mL.-
nStimulant Uses - ANSWERADHD: Increase attention span, decrease hyperactivity. Narcolepsy: Promote
wakefulness. Appetite suppression (limited use due to abuse potential).-nBenzodiazepine - Antidote -
ANSWERAntidote: Flumazenil (administered IV). Used to reverse sedation and respiratory depression
caused by benzodiazepine overdose.-nAspirin - Signs and Symptoms of Side/Adverse Effects -
ANSWERGI irritation, bleeding, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome (in children with viral infections).-
nAcetaminophen - Patient Education - ANSWERDo not exceed 4g/day to avoid hepatotoxicity. Avoid
, alcohol consumption while taking acetaminophen.-nInsomnia - Non-Pharm Treatments -
ANSWERMaintain a consistent sleep schedule. Avoid caffeine and alcohol before bedtime. Engage in
relaxing pre-sleep routines (e.g., warm bath, soothing music).-nNarcotics - Side Effects -
ANSWERRespiratory depression, constipation, sedation, nausea/vomiting, euphoria.-nNursing
Interventions for Narcotics - ANSWERMonitor respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. Administer stool
softeners or laxatives for constipation. Educate about the risk of dependency.-nSpinal Anesthesia -
ANSWERInjected into the subarachnoid space. Causes temporary loss of sensation and motor function
below the injection site. Side effects: Hypotension, headache, respiratory depression.-nNSAIDs -
Contraindications - ANSWERHistory of peptic ulcers, GI bleeding, kidney disease, asthma (risk of
bronchospasm).-nMild to Severe Pain Treatment - ANSWERMild Pain: Acetaminophen, NSAIDs.
Moderate Pain: Combination of acetaminophen and opioids (e.g., hydrocodone). Severe Pain: Pure
opioids (e.g., morphine, fentanyl).-nTypical Antipsychotics - Side/Adverse Effects -
ANSWERExtrapyramidal symptoms (e.g., tardive dyskinesia, dystonia), sedation, hypotension.-
nTreatment for Extrapyramidal Symptoms - ANSWERUse of anticholinergic drugs (e.g., benztropine) for
EPS. Adjust dosage or switch to atypical antipsychotics.-nMAOIs - Diet - ANSWERAvoid tyramine-rich
foods (e.g., aged cheese, cured meats, red wine) to prevent hypertensive crisis.-nNursing Interventions
for Lithium - ANSWERMonitor therapeutic range (0.6-1.2 mEq/L). Assess for signs of toxicity (nausea,
tremors, confusion, ataxia). Encourage adequate fluid aNonpharmacological Ways to Induce Sleep -
ANSWERRecommendations include maintaining consistent sleep and wake schedules, avoiding daytime
naps or limiting them to 20-30 minutes, avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine at least 6 hours before
bedtime, engaging in relaxing activities before bed, and avoiding heavy meals or vigorous exercise 2-3
hours before sleep.-nADHD Cues and Clues - ANSWERInattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and
poor concentration; diagnosed before age 7 and more common in boys.-nMethylphenidate (Ritalin) -
ANSWERImproves attention span and decreases impulsivity.-nAmphetamines - ANSWERIncrease
release and inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.-nDiet for ADHD - ANSWERAvoid
excessive sugar and caffeine; promote balanced meals rich in nutrients to support brain function.-
nPatient Teaching for ADHD Medications - ANSWERAdminister medication 30-45 minutes before meals,
avoid taking medication in the evening to prevent insomnia, and monitor for weight loss and growth
suppression.-nPsyllium - ANSWERA bulk-forming laxative; mix with a full glass of water and drink
immediately to prevent esophageal obstruction; increase water intake throughout the day to prevent
constipation.-nH2 Blockers - ANSWERExamples include ranitidine and famotidine; avoid foods that
aggravate reflux and take it at bedtime if once a day.-nAdministration of H2 Blockers - ANSWERDo not
