Locomotion & Movement
#INTRODUCTION
◦ Movement → significant feature of living being
◦ Both plants & animals exhibit wide variety of movements
like streaming of protoplasm (amoeba), by cillia, flagella &
tentacles
◦ Change in place or location is called Locomotion
◦ Locomotory structures need not to be different from those
affecting other types of movement
Examples → In Paramoecium → Cillia helps in movement
of food through Cytopharynx & in locomotion
→ In Hydra → Tentacles helps in capturing its prey & in
locomotion
◦ Therefore all locomotions are movement but all movements
are not locomotion
◦ Locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitat &
the demand of the situation
◦ locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of
muscular, skeletal & neural systems
#TYPES OF MOVEMENT (Main)
Amoeboid Ciliary Muscular
- Effected by - Most of our - Contractile
pseudopodia formed by internal tubular property of muscles
streaming of protoplasm organs are effectively used
- cytoskeletal elements Eg → Trachea & for locomotion
like microfilament are female
involved reproductive
Eg → macrophages & system
Leucocytes
,Flagellar Movement
◦ Helps in swimming of sperm /spermatozoa
◦ Maintenance of water current in the canal system of
Sponges
◦ Locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena
# SECTION Of MUSCLE
Whole Muscle Muscle Bundle/ Muscle Fibre
(covered by Fasicles (Endomysium)
Epimysium (ct)) (Perimysium)
◦ Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a no. of
Muscle Bundles/ Fasicles
◦ Held together by a common collagenous connective tissue
layer called FASCIA
◦ Each muscle bundle contains a no. of muscle fibes
Muscle
Muscle bundle /fasicles
Muscle fibres/cells
Fascia
,Muscle Fibre/Cell
◦ Characterstic feature of
muscle fiber is the
presence of large no of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
( Store house of Calcium).
parallely arranged
filament in the Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm → syncitium
Sarcoplasm called (multinucleated).
myofilament or
myofibril which has
alternate light & dark
band.
Structure of Sarcomere → functional unit of contraction
→ Distance b/w 2 successive Z lines
◦ Actin → thin & light band, Isotropic Band or I band
◦ Myosin → thick & dark band, Anisotropic band or A band
◦ Both the proteins are arranged as rod - like structures, parallel
to eachother & also to the longitudinal axis of myofibrils
Z-band → elastic fibre
→ bisects I band
→ thin filaments are firmly attached to it
, M-Line → thin fibrous membrane
→ A-band are bisected & held together
** The portion of myofibril b/w two successive Z-lines is
considered as the functional unit Contraction k/a SAROMERE **
→ 1/2 I + A + 1/2 I
H Zone → space of A-band which is not overlapped by I-band
→ region where only thick filament is present
(NCERT) → In resting state the edges of thin filaments on either
side of the thick filament partially overlaps the free ends of the
thick filament leaving the central part of thick filament.
→ This central part of thick filament which is not overlapped is
called H-zone
Z-line * During muscle
contraction
→ thin slides over
thick filament
→ sarcomere and I-
band decrease
→ A-band
remains same
#INTRODUCTION
◦ Movement → significant feature of living being
◦ Both plants & animals exhibit wide variety of movements
like streaming of protoplasm (amoeba), by cillia, flagella &
tentacles
◦ Change in place or location is called Locomotion
◦ Locomotory structures need not to be different from those
affecting other types of movement
Examples → In Paramoecium → Cillia helps in movement
of food through Cytopharynx & in locomotion
→ In Hydra → Tentacles helps in capturing its prey & in
locomotion
◦ Therefore all locomotions are movement but all movements
are not locomotion
◦ Locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitat &
the demand of the situation
◦ locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of
muscular, skeletal & neural systems
#TYPES OF MOVEMENT (Main)
Amoeboid Ciliary Muscular
- Effected by - Most of our - Contractile
pseudopodia formed by internal tubular property of muscles
streaming of protoplasm organs are effectively used
- cytoskeletal elements Eg → Trachea & for locomotion
like microfilament are female
involved reproductive
Eg → macrophages & system
Leucocytes
,Flagellar Movement
◦ Helps in swimming of sperm /spermatozoa
◦ Maintenance of water current in the canal system of
Sponges
◦ Locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena
# SECTION Of MUSCLE
Whole Muscle Muscle Bundle/ Muscle Fibre
(covered by Fasicles (Endomysium)
Epimysium (ct)) (Perimysium)
◦ Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a no. of
Muscle Bundles/ Fasicles
◦ Held together by a common collagenous connective tissue
layer called FASCIA
◦ Each muscle bundle contains a no. of muscle fibes
Muscle
Muscle bundle /fasicles
Muscle fibres/cells
Fascia
,Muscle Fibre/Cell
◦ Characterstic feature of
muscle fiber is the
presence of large no of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
( Store house of Calcium).
parallely arranged
filament in the Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm → syncitium
Sarcoplasm called (multinucleated).
myofilament or
myofibril which has
alternate light & dark
band.
Structure of Sarcomere → functional unit of contraction
→ Distance b/w 2 successive Z lines
◦ Actin → thin & light band, Isotropic Band or I band
◦ Myosin → thick & dark band, Anisotropic band or A band
◦ Both the proteins are arranged as rod - like structures, parallel
to eachother & also to the longitudinal axis of myofibrils
Z-band → elastic fibre
→ bisects I band
→ thin filaments are firmly attached to it
, M-Line → thin fibrous membrane
→ A-band are bisected & held together
** The portion of myofibril b/w two successive Z-lines is
considered as the functional unit Contraction k/a SAROMERE **
→ 1/2 I + A + 1/2 I
H Zone → space of A-band which is not overlapped by I-band
→ region where only thick filament is present
(NCERT) → In resting state the edges of thin filaments on either
side of the thick filament partially overlaps the free ends of the
thick filament leaving the central part of thick filament.
→ This central part of thick filament which is not overlapped is
called H-zone
Z-line * During muscle
contraction
→ thin slides over
thick filament
→ sarcomere and I-
band decrease
→ A-band
remains same
