Praxis Biology II 5235 Questions and Answers
2 cells of central nervous system? - ANSWER-neurons
glial cells - provide support and protection to neurons
2 main types of hormones? - ANSWER-lipid/steroid (nonpolar and can pass thru cell
membrane)
peptide/amines (polar therefore bind to receptor on cell membrane)
2 plasma membrane facts? - ANSWER--selectively permeable
-made of lipids and proteins (called unit membranes)
2 Sex chromosomal disorders? - ANSWER-Turner's syndrome - XO
Klinefelter's syndrome - XXY - male but may have low intelligence and be sterile
3 germ layers of the gastrula? - ANSWER-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
4 embryo development stages? - ANSWER-zygote - morula - blastocyst - gastrula (3
germ layers)
4 main parts of the brain? - ANSWER-1. brainstem - oldest, includes amygdala and
keeps you alive
2. cerebellum - motor control and balance
3. diencephalon - data analysis (like a switchboard), controls pituitary gland
4. cerebrum - biggest part; two lobes; memory and consciousness
4 major heart chambers? - ANSWER-right and left atrium; right and left ventricle
In a heart diagram; the "right" parts are on the left side
4 Other substances in cell walls? - ANSWER--pectin
-hemicellulose
-Extension
-lignin (in tree wood)
4 Structures of an amino acid? - ANSWER-1. Hydrogen
2. Carboxyl group
3. Amino group
4. Unique R group (side chain) that makes the amino acid unique
5 kingdoms? - ANSWER-Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
7 characteristics of all animals? - ANSWER-movement, reproduction, sensitivity,
growth, respiration, excretion, nutrition
,MRS GREN
Accessory pigments? - ANSWER-Chlorophyll b, c, or d, carotenoids (carotenes and
xanthophylls)
Yellow, orange colors that are hidden by the much more prevalent chlorophyll.
action potential? - ANSWER-an electrical signal that is moved from the cell body and
through the axon (exchange of sodium and potassium ions) - jumps from node to node
(of Ravier)
activation site of an enzyme? - ANSWER-where substrate binds
Active transport? - ANSWER--maintains disequilibrium of water/solutes as needed by a
cell
-ex. Concentration of sodium ions is usually less in the cell in comparison to
concentration outside the cell because active transport pumps out sodium ions
adaptive radiation? - ANSWER-The diversification of several new species from a recent
ancestral source, each adapted to utilize or occupy a vacant adaptive zone
allelles? - ANSWER-specific versions of a gene
amygdala? - ANSWER-responsible for emotion and looks like an almond
apopstosis? - ANSWER-cell suicide
Are sex-linked trait female carriers more common or less common than males/females
who express the trait? - ANSWER-Female carriers of sex-linked traits are more
common in the population than males or females expressing the trait.
auxillary cells? - ANSWER-Attract leukocytes to points of infection
Types: mast cells, platelets and basophils
auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin? - ANSWER-groups of plant growth hormones
axon function? - ANSWER-send signal from the neuron to the next cell
Axons of nerve cells? - ANSWER--transmit impulses by temporary redistribution of ions
inside and outside of the cell
Axons? - ANSWER-a nerve fiber; a long, slender projection of a neuron
b-cells and T-cells develop where? - ANSWER-B - bone marrow and T - thymus
,bioinformatics? - ANSWER-field that develops and improves upon methods for storing,
retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data.
biological redox reactions? - ANSWER-oxidation is usually accompanied by a loss of
protons (hydrogen ions) and reduction is accompanied by a gain of protons
blastocyst structure? - ANSWER-1.Ring of outer cells called trophoblast - develops into
placenta
2.Inner cells called embryoblast - develops into organism
Blastocyst is called a blastula or blastophere in animals
blastomere? - ANSWER-Each individual cell in the blastocyst is called a blastomere
Blastomeres are stem cells - these are the stem cell "lines"
Blue-green algae are what? - ANSWER-Cyanobacteria!
bottleneck effect? - ANSWER-when large numbers of a population are removed in one
or a few generations due to overhunting, disease, natural disaster, etc.
C4 carbon fixation pathway? - ANSWER-A 4-C compound is formed instead of a 3-C
compound; the 4-C compound is oxaloacetate. Adaptation to circumvent
photorespiration.
Plant leaf has Kranz anatomy - has bundle sheath cells which fix CO2 and have rubisco
but mesophyll cells don't so that photorespiration can be avoided.
calculate percent error? - ANSWER-1. Subtract Approximate (measured) value from
Exact value
2. show the error as a percent of the exact value ... so divide by the exact value and
make it a percentage
ex. approximated 8, but exact value is 10 so 10-8 = 2. Then, 2/10 = .2 or 20%
cation verses anion? - ANSWER-Cations are PAWsitive, anion stands for "a negative
ion"
Cause of red-green color blindness? - ANSWER-Caused by recessive gene on x
chromosome.
If male gets the recessive gene from mom than he will be colorblind.
cell wall function? - ANSWER--withstands high osmotic pressure (pressure of water to
want to flow into the cell) to prevent bursting.
, -made of cellulose (polymer of glucose)
-cellulose bundles form structures called fibrils
cell- and tissue- specific gene expression? - ANSWER-accounts for the complex
regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic organisms
cellular respiration mnemonic? - ANSWER-Glycolysis slits carbs into PYs (pyruvates) to
make lemon Krapes (citric acid cycle aka krebs cycle) and lots of ATP; in the ETC,
oxygen accepts tired H+ and forms water
centriole description? - ANSWER--only animal cells and some algae and fungi cells
-occur as pair composed of nine groups of tubules arranged in a ring to form a hollow
cylinder
-each group is a triplet of microtubules
-space surrounding a pair of centrioles is called a centrosome
-aster - ray-like filaments extending from the centriole
centrosomes? - ANSWER-Animal cell organelles that contain microtubules contain 2
centrioles which are made of ring of 9 groups of microtubules that are perpendicular to
each other
Centrosomes in plant cells - has centrosomes but no centrioles
cerebellum? - ANSWER--at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum
-much smaller than cerebrum
-controls balance, movement, and coordination
cerebrum? - ANSWER-biggest part of the brain
memory storage
2 halves
characteristics of a good hypothesis? - ANSWER-A good hypothesis must be consistent
with and explain the data already obtained.
A good hypothesis must be falsifiable through its predictions; that is, results must be
obtainable that can clearly demonstrate whether the hypothesis is untrue.
chemotaxis? - ANSWER-cells move in response to a chemical stimulant or signal
Chief difference btw plant and animal cells? - ANSWER--cellulose cell wall in plants
2 cells of central nervous system? - ANSWER-neurons
glial cells - provide support and protection to neurons
2 main types of hormones? - ANSWER-lipid/steroid (nonpolar and can pass thru cell
membrane)
peptide/amines (polar therefore bind to receptor on cell membrane)
2 plasma membrane facts? - ANSWER--selectively permeable
-made of lipids and proteins (called unit membranes)
2 Sex chromosomal disorders? - ANSWER-Turner's syndrome - XO
Klinefelter's syndrome - XXY - male but may have low intelligence and be sterile
3 germ layers of the gastrula? - ANSWER-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
4 embryo development stages? - ANSWER-zygote - morula - blastocyst - gastrula (3
germ layers)
4 main parts of the brain? - ANSWER-1. brainstem - oldest, includes amygdala and
keeps you alive
2. cerebellum - motor control and balance
3. diencephalon - data analysis (like a switchboard), controls pituitary gland
4. cerebrum - biggest part; two lobes; memory and consciousness
4 major heart chambers? - ANSWER-right and left atrium; right and left ventricle
In a heart diagram; the "right" parts are on the left side
4 Other substances in cell walls? - ANSWER--pectin
-hemicellulose
-Extension
-lignin (in tree wood)
4 Structures of an amino acid? - ANSWER-1. Hydrogen
2. Carboxyl group
3. Amino group
4. Unique R group (side chain) that makes the amino acid unique
5 kingdoms? - ANSWER-Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
7 characteristics of all animals? - ANSWER-movement, reproduction, sensitivity,
growth, respiration, excretion, nutrition
,MRS GREN
Accessory pigments? - ANSWER-Chlorophyll b, c, or d, carotenoids (carotenes and
xanthophylls)
Yellow, orange colors that are hidden by the much more prevalent chlorophyll.
action potential? - ANSWER-an electrical signal that is moved from the cell body and
through the axon (exchange of sodium and potassium ions) - jumps from node to node
(of Ravier)
activation site of an enzyme? - ANSWER-where substrate binds
Active transport? - ANSWER--maintains disequilibrium of water/solutes as needed by a
cell
-ex. Concentration of sodium ions is usually less in the cell in comparison to
concentration outside the cell because active transport pumps out sodium ions
adaptive radiation? - ANSWER-The diversification of several new species from a recent
ancestral source, each adapted to utilize or occupy a vacant adaptive zone
allelles? - ANSWER-specific versions of a gene
amygdala? - ANSWER-responsible for emotion and looks like an almond
apopstosis? - ANSWER-cell suicide
Are sex-linked trait female carriers more common or less common than males/females
who express the trait? - ANSWER-Female carriers of sex-linked traits are more
common in the population than males or females expressing the trait.
auxillary cells? - ANSWER-Attract leukocytes to points of infection
Types: mast cells, platelets and basophils
auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin? - ANSWER-groups of plant growth hormones
axon function? - ANSWER-send signal from the neuron to the next cell
Axons of nerve cells? - ANSWER--transmit impulses by temporary redistribution of ions
inside and outside of the cell
Axons? - ANSWER-a nerve fiber; a long, slender projection of a neuron
b-cells and T-cells develop where? - ANSWER-B - bone marrow and T - thymus
,bioinformatics? - ANSWER-field that develops and improves upon methods for storing,
retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data.
biological redox reactions? - ANSWER-oxidation is usually accompanied by a loss of
protons (hydrogen ions) and reduction is accompanied by a gain of protons
blastocyst structure? - ANSWER-1.Ring of outer cells called trophoblast - develops into
placenta
2.Inner cells called embryoblast - develops into organism
Blastocyst is called a blastula or blastophere in animals
blastomere? - ANSWER-Each individual cell in the blastocyst is called a blastomere
Blastomeres are stem cells - these are the stem cell "lines"
Blue-green algae are what? - ANSWER-Cyanobacteria!
bottleneck effect? - ANSWER-when large numbers of a population are removed in one
or a few generations due to overhunting, disease, natural disaster, etc.
C4 carbon fixation pathway? - ANSWER-A 4-C compound is formed instead of a 3-C
compound; the 4-C compound is oxaloacetate. Adaptation to circumvent
photorespiration.
Plant leaf has Kranz anatomy - has bundle sheath cells which fix CO2 and have rubisco
but mesophyll cells don't so that photorespiration can be avoided.
calculate percent error? - ANSWER-1. Subtract Approximate (measured) value from
Exact value
2. show the error as a percent of the exact value ... so divide by the exact value and
make it a percentage
ex. approximated 8, but exact value is 10 so 10-8 = 2. Then, 2/10 = .2 or 20%
cation verses anion? - ANSWER-Cations are PAWsitive, anion stands for "a negative
ion"
Cause of red-green color blindness? - ANSWER-Caused by recessive gene on x
chromosome.
If male gets the recessive gene from mom than he will be colorblind.
cell wall function? - ANSWER--withstands high osmotic pressure (pressure of water to
want to flow into the cell) to prevent bursting.
, -made of cellulose (polymer of glucose)
-cellulose bundles form structures called fibrils
cell- and tissue- specific gene expression? - ANSWER-accounts for the complex
regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic organisms
cellular respiration mnemonic? - ANSWER-Glycolysis slits carbs into PYs (pyruvates) to
make lemon Krapes (citric acid cycle aka krebs cycle) and lots of ATP; in the ETC,
oxygen accepts tired H+ and forms water
centriole description? - ANSWER--only animal cells and some algae and fungi cells
-occur as pair composed of nine groups of tubules arranged in a ring to form a hollow
cylinder
-each group is a triplet of microtubules
-space surrounding a pair of centrioles is called a centrosome
-aster - ray-like filaments extending from the centriole
centrosomes? - ANSWER-Animal cell organelles that contain microtubules contain 2
centrioles which are made of ring of 9 groups of microtubules that are perpendicular to
each other
Centrosomes in plant cells - has centrosomes but no centrioles
cerebellum? - ANSWER--at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum
-much smaller than cerebrum
-controls balance, movement, and coordination
cerebrum? - ANSWER-biggest part of the brain
memory storage
2 halves
characteristics of a good hypothesis? - ANSWER-A good hypothesis must be consistent
with and explain the data already obtained.
A good hypothesis must be falsifiable through its predictions; that is, results must be
obtainable that can clearly demonstrate whether the hypothesis is untrue.
chemotaxis? - ANSWER-cells move in response to a chemical stimulant or signal
Chief difference btw plant and animal cells? - ANSWER--cellulose cell wall in plants
