International Relations, (AQA A Level History) Questions and Answers

International Relations, 1890-1941 (AQA A
Level History) Questions and Answers
WhatAcausedAtheAscrambleAforAAfrica?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-RacismA-
Abelief AthatAtheAwhiteAraceAwasAsuperiorAandAinferiorAAfricanAtribesAshouldAbeA'civilised'.

PrestigeA-
AifAoneApowerAacquiredAaAcolony,AothersAwereAcompelledAtoAcopyAthemAorAappearAweak.

EconomicsA-AAfricaAofferedAanAabundanceAofAnaturalAresourcesAtoAfuelAeconomicAgrowth.
WhoAattendedAtheABerlinAConferenceAofA1884-5?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
Britain,AFrance,AGermany,APortugal,ABelgium,AAustria-
HungaryAandAItaly.ANoAAfricansAattendedAandAonlyAtwoAdelegatesAhadAeverAvisitedAtheAco
ntinent.ABritain'sAattendanceAwasAsignificantAbecauseAitAshowedAthatAtheABritishAhadArelinq
uishedAtheirAhistoricAdominanceAoverAcolonies.
WhatAwasAagreedAatAtheABerlinAConferenceAofA1884-5?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
EffectiveAoccupationA-
AaApowerArequiredAaAphysicalApresenceAinAaAterritoryAbeforeAitAcouldAclaimAit.ASlaveryAwasA

banned.ABelgiumAwasApermittedAtoAcoloniseAtheACongo,AwhereAhalfAtheApopulationAdiedAu
nderAKingALeopoldAII'sArule.
WhatAwereAtheAconsequencesAofAtheABerlinAConferenceAofA1884-5?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-

AfricaAbecameA'upAforAgrabs'.ATheAGreatAPowersArushedAtoAformaliseAandAextendAtheirAem
pires.ABeforeAtheAconference,AEuropeansAonlyApresidedAoverAcoastalAareas;Aafterwards,At
heyArushedAinlandAtoAsecureAtheAinteriorAofAAfrica.AFranceAbaggedAaAlargeAswatheAofAWest
AAfricaAandAGermanyAcolonisedATogo,ACameroon,AGermanAEastAAfricaAandAGermanASout

hAWestAAfrica.AGermany'sAcoloniesAwereAveryAmuchAtheAleftovers.AWarAwasAavertedAinAth
eAshort-
runAbutAtheAresultingAincreaseAinAcolonisationAcreatedAmoreAbordersAandApotentialAforAfutu
reAconflict,AsuchAasAinAFashodaAinA1898.
WhatAhappenedAinAtheAFashodaAIncident,A1898?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
Britain'sAplansAforAbuildingAaA'CapeAtoACairo'ArailwayAbetweenAEgyptAandASouthAAfricaAcla
shedAwithAFrenchAeastwardAcolonialAexpansionAinAtheASudan,A(towardsADjiboutiAonAtheARe
dASea).ABritishAandAFrenchAarmiesAmetAinAFashoda,AonAtheARiverANile,AbutAdidn'tAfight.ADe
spiteAaAnationalisticAmoodAatAhome,AtheAFrenchAbackedAdown,AknowingAtheARoyalANavyAw
ouldAensureAanAeventualABritishAvictory.AInAtheAlong-
run,AFranceArealisedAitAcouldn'tAaffordAtoAhaveABritainAasAanAenemyAasAwellAasAGermanyAa
ndAAustria-Hungary,AandAsignedAtheAEntenteACordialeAinA1904.
WhyAdidAtheASecondABoerAWarAbreakAoutAinA1899?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
BritainAwantedAtoAunifyAitsAcoloniesAinAtheAregionAasASouthAAfrica.ATherefore,AtheAindepen
dentABoerArepublics,A(TransvaalAandAOrangeAFreeAState)ArepresentedAaAstumblingAblockAt
oABritishAimperialAambitions.
AAdiscoveryAofAgoldAinAtheATransvaalAthreatenedAtoAstrengthenAtheArepublic'sAeconomyAso
AthatAitAcouldAresistAcolonisationApermanently.A

,BritishArelationsAwithAtheABoersAdeterioratedAwhenA'uitlanders'A(foreignersAexploitedAtheAg
old)AwereAdeniedAvotingArights.
AAfailedAcoupAbyAtheABritishAinA1895,AtheAJamesonARaid,AconvincedAtheABoersAthatAthereAi
ndependenceAwasAunderAthreat.
WhatAhappenedAinAtheASecondABoerAWar,A1899-1902?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
BritainAwasAdeniedAaAquickAvictoryAasAtheABoersAresistedAcolonisationAwithAguerillaAtactics.
AItAexposedAflawsAinAtheABritishAarmy.

Britain'sAemploymentAofAconcentrationAcampsAdrewAcondemnationAbyAtheArestAofAEurope.A
Anglo-
GermanArelationsAwereAstrainedAinA1896AwhenAKaiserAWilhelmAIIAsentAaAtelegramAtoAPresi
dentAPaulAKrugerAofAtheATransvaal,AemphasizingAhisAsupportAforAtheirAindependence.
WhatAwasAatAstakeAforAAustriaAandARussiaAinAtheABalkans?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
ForAAustria,AtheAnumerousAethnicAminoritiesAwithinAtheAempireAcouldAbeAinspiredAbyASerbi
an,AMontenegrinAandABulgarianAindependenceAandArebelAagainstAtheAHabsburgAmonarch
y.AKeepingAfriendlyArelationsAwithAtheABalkanAstatesAwouldAensureAtheyAdidn'tAsponsorAnat
ionalismAwithinAtheAAustro-HungarianAempire.
ForARussia,AitAhopedAtoAestablishAsatelliteAstatesAinAtheABalkans,AtoAexpandARussianAinflue
nce.ARussiaAsawAitselfAasA'protectorAofAtheASlavs'.AFriendlyArelationsAwereApopularAinARuss
ia,AsinceAmostARussiansAandABalkanApeoplesAwereASlavs.
WhatAwasAtheAGreatAGame?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
CompetitionAbetweenABritainAandARussiaAoverAAfghanistanAandAneighbouringAareasAinACe
ntralAAsia.ABritainAsawARussianAexpansionismAinACentralAAsiaAasAaAthreatAtoAIndia,AitsAmos
tAimportantAcolony.ASuchArivalryAsouredAAnglo-
RussianArelationsAthroughoutAtheAnineteenthAcentury.
WhyAwasAanAAnglo-FrenchAagreementAimpossibleAduringAtheA1880sAorA1890s?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-BritainAwasAFrance'sAnaturalAenemy.

InA1882ABritainAdispatchedAtroopsAtoAEgyptAafterAaAnationalistAuprising,AtoAprotectAtheASue
zACanal,AaAjointAAnglo-FrenchAproject,AfromAdisorder.
BritainAandAFranceAclashedAduringAtheAFashodaAIncident.,AalthoughAitAwasAresolvedApeac
efullyAandAcontributedAtoAtheAEntenteACordiale.
WhatAwasAtheAdefaultABritishAforeignApolicy?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
SplendidAIsolationA-
AtakingAlittleAinterestAinAEuropeanAaffairsAandAfocusingAonAexpandingAtheAEmpire.AThisApoli

cyAcouldAbeAabandonedAwhenAthereAwasAaAriskAtoAtheAbalanceAofApowerAinAEurope.
HowAdidAAnglo-GermanArelationsAevolveAduringAtheA1890sAandAearlyA1900s?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-AnAAnglo-

GermanAallianceAseemedAnaturalAsinceABritainAandAGermanyAsharedAclosely-
relatedAroyalAfamiliesAandAsimilarAcultures,A(KaiserAWilhelmAIIAwasAEdwardAVII'sAnephew).
ATheyAbothAsawAFranceAandARussiaAasAthreatsAtoAtheirAinterests.

KaiserAWilhelmAII'sApolicyAofAWeltpolitikA-AelevatingAGermanyAtoAworldApowerAstatusA-
AaggravatedABritainAbecauseAitAchallengedABritain'sAcolonialAandAnavalAdomination.ASoAdid

AtheAKaiser'sAsupportAforAtheABoersAinA1896.

BernhardAvonABulowA-AGermanAForeignAMinisterA-
AmiscalculatedAthatAcolonialArivalryAwithAFranceAwouldAdriveABritainAintoAGermany'sAarms,A

securingAGermanyAaAmoreAfavourableAagreement.

,AnAAnglo-
GermanAallianceAwasAsupportedAbyAQueenAVictoria,ALordASalisburyAandAJosephAChambe
rlain.AHowever,AwhenAChamberlainAproposedAanAagreementAinA1898,A1899AandA1901,AGe
rmany'sAresponseAwasAlukewarm.ABritainAwasAunwillingAtoAallyAwithAGermanyAifAitAriskedAb
eingAdraggedAintoAaAwarAinAtheABalkansAbyAAustria,AGermany'sAally.
Germany'sAplansAforAaABerlin-BaghdadArailwayA-
AaAthreatAtoAEgypt,AtheASuezACanalAandAIndiaA-

AandAtheApassageAofAtheAGermanAnavyAlawsAruinedAanyAprospectsAforAanAAnglo-

GermanAallianceAinAtheA1900s.
WhyAdidAFranceAandARussiaAconcludeAtheAFranco-RussianAallianceAinA1894?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-InA1888,AKaiserAWilhelmAIAdiedAandAwasAWilhelmAIIA-

AaAmoreAengagedArulerA-

AassumedAtheAthrone.AAfterABismarck'sAresignationAinA1890,AWilhelmAIIAallowedAtheAReins

uranceATreatiesAtoAelapse,AdisapprovingAofAtheAlimitationAofAAustro-
GermanAinfluenceAinAtheABalkans.AGermanAministersAgambledAthatAideologicalAdifference
sAwouldApreventAanAallianceAbetweenAFranceAandARussia.
FranceArequiredAanAallyAforAdefenceA(protectionAagainstAtheApotentiallyAhostileATripleAAllia
nceAbloc)AandAoffence,A(toAretakeAAlsace-
Lorraine).AFranceAandARussiaAalsoAsharedAcolonialArivalriesAwithABritain.AAlso,AFrenchAba
nksAcouldAprovideAloansAforARussiaAtoAdevelopAitsArailwaysAandAindustry,AandAtheAallianceA
pavedAwayAforAsuchAcontracts.
WhatAwereAtheAtermsAofAtheAFranco-RussianAAlliance,A1894?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
1.AIfAGermany,AorAItalyAsupportedAbyAGermany,AattacksAFrance,ARussiaAmustAattackAGerm
any.AIfAGermany,AorAAustriaAsupportedAbyAGermany,AattacksARussia,AFranceAmustAattackA
Germany.
2.AIfAanyAofAtheACentralAPowersAmobilise,AFranceAandARussiaAmustAmobiliseAfullyAandAsim
ultaneously.
3.AFranceAandARussiaAshouldAaimAtoAactAquicklyAsoAGermanyAhasAtoAfightAaAwarAonAtwoAfro
nts.
4.AFrenchAandARussianAGeneralAStaffsAshouldAco-operateAtoAachieveAtheAaboveAclauses.
5.AFranceAandARussiaAwillAnotAmakeApeaceAseparately.
6.ATheAConventionAwillAlastAasAlongAasAtheATripleAAlliance.
7.ATheAallianceAmustAbeAkeptAabsolutelyAsecret.
WhyAwasAtheADualAAllianceAofA1879Aformed?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Austria-
HungaryAandAGermanyAsharedAconcernsAaboutARussianAinfluenceAinAtheABalkans.AGerma
nyAwasAonlyAunifiedAinA1871AandAtheAallianceAgaveAtheAcountryAcredibility.AItAalsoAgaveAAu
striaAprestigeAbyAallyingAitAwithAanAascendingApower,A(bearingAinAmindAAustriaAwasAaAdecli
ningApower).
WhatAwereAtheAtermsAofAtheADualAAlliance?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
1.AIfAeitherApowerAisAattackedAbyARussia,AtheAotherAmustAprovideAfullAmilitaryAsupport.
2.AIfAeitherApowerAisAattackedAbyAaAdifferentApower,AtheAotherAshouldAobserveA'benevolentA
neutrality',A(lendingAnon-militaryAsupport).
3.ATheAallianceAmustAbeAkeptAsecret.
4.ATheAagreementAwillAlastAforAfiveAyearsAandAshouldAbeArenewedAeveryAthreeAyearsAthere
after.

, However,AtoABismarck'sAdisappointment,AAustriaAdidn'tApledgeAsupportAifAFranceAattacked
AGermany.

WhyAdidAItalyAjoinAtheACentralAPowersAinA1882?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
ItalyAwantedAtoAmakeApeaceAwithAAustriaAoverAIstriaAandAtheATyrol.AAustria,AinAturn,Adidn'tA
wishAtoAfightAaAwarAonAtwoAfronts.AItalyAwasAalsoAaAvaluableAallyAforAGermanyAagainstAFran
ce,AwhichAenragedAItalyAwhenAitAmadeATunisiaAaAFrenchAprotectorateAinA1881.
WhatAwereAtheAtermsAofAtheATripleAAlliance,A1882?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
1.AGermanyAandAItalyAwouldAprovideAmutualAsupportAifAoneAwasAattackedAbyAFrance.
2.AIfAanyAmemberAwasAattackedAbyAanyAotherApower,AtheyAwouldAprovideAmutualAsupport.
3.AIfAAustriaAwentAtoAwarAwithARussia,AItalyAwouldAremainAneutral.
4.ATheAallianceAshouldAbeAkeptAsecret.
HowAdidAalliancesAaffectAinternationalArelationsAbyA1900?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
WhilstAtheyAwereAleaked,ArivalAblocsAdidn'tAknowAtheAexactAterms,AforcingAarmyAchiefsAofAs
taffAtoAprepareAforAtheAworstAcaseAscenario.ASuchAsecrecyAalsoAcreatedAtensionAbetweenAt
heAGreatAPowersAandArepresentedAtheAgradualAabandonmentAofAcongressesAtoAresolveAdi
sputes.
ItAcouldAbeAarguedAthatAalliancesAdiscouragedAwar,AsinceAitAwouldAlikelyAinvolveAmultipleAa
dversaries.
WhatAwasAtheA1897AAustro-RussianAagreementA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
1.ANeitherApowerAwouldAattemptAtoAalterAtheAbalanceAofApowerAinAtheABalkans.
2.ABothApowersAwouldAopposeAaApowerAwhoAtriedAtoAacquireAterritoryAinAtheABalkans.
3.ABothAacceptedAthatAtheATurkishAStraitsAwereAclosedAtoAwarshipsAwhenATurkeyAisAatApea
ce.
4.AIfAtheAOttomanAEmpireAcollapsed,AAustriaAcouldAannexABosnia-Herzegovina.
WhatAhappenedAinASerbiaAinA1903?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
InAMay,ASerbianAarmyAofficersAassassinatedAtheApro-
AustrianAKingAandAQueen,AinstallingAaApro-
RussianAdynastyAinAtheirAplace.AKingAPaul'sAnewAgovernmentAwasAunconcernedAaboutAke
epingAfriendlyArelationsAwithAAustriaAandAfermentedASerbianAnationalism.ASerbiaAchampio
nedAPan-
Slavism,AaAmovementAseekingAtoAcreateAaAunifiedASlavAstate,AYugoslavia,AfromASerbs,ABo
snians,AMontenegrins,ACroatsAandASlovenes,A(manyAwithinAAustria-
Hungary).ASerbiaAwasApassiveAinAcontrollingAtheAactivitiesAofAterroristAgroupsAsuchAasAtheA
BlackAHand.
HowAdidARussiaAviewAitselfAinAtheABalkans?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
RussiaAsawAitselfAasA'protectorAofAtheASlavs'AandAknewAthatASerbiaAwouldAexpectAhelpAinAa
chievingAitsAnationalistAgoals.AHowever,AafterAdefeatAinAtheA1904-5ARusso-
JapaneseAWar,ARussiaAwasAnotAstrongAenoughAtoAstand-
upAtoAGermanyAandAAustria.ARussiaAalsoAcouldn'tAaffordAtoAcontinueAitsAimperialAconflictAw
ithABritain,AleadingAtoAtheAAnglo-RussianAAgreementAinA1907.
RussiaAembarrassinglyAfailedAtoAhelpASerbiaAduringAtheA'PigAWar'AofA1906-
8AbecauseAofAGermanAintervention.
HowAdidAmilitarismAaffectAGermanyAbeforeAtheAFirstAWorldAWar?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-

GermanAnationalismAjustifiedAmilitarism,AsinceAGermanyArequiredAaAstrongAarmyAtoAdefen
dAitself.AGermanAmilitarismAtranslatedAtoAaAnationalistAforeignApolicyAbecauseAmilitaryAchie