Biology 224 Lab Exam 1 2025

What are the two most common types of graphs we will make? - Correct Ans-XY scatter graphs and column graphs. When would you use an XY scatter graph? - Correct Ans-When both sets of data are numerical in nature and continuous. What is placed on the Y and X axes of the XY scatter graph? - Correct Ans-Y: dependent variable X: independent variable What is included in a figure legend? - Correct Ans-What kind of graph, what the graph is showing, what the subject was, how the data was obtained, and the trend of the data. What is included in a conclusion? - Correct Ans-Explanation of the physiology behind the results presented in the figure. Define: 1. Vasodilation 2. Vasoconstriction - Correct Ans-1. Increased: blood flow, size, diameter in arteries 2. Decreased: blood flow, size, diameter in arteries What occurs when an animal encounters a stimulus? - Correct Ans-- stimulus is detected by one or more sensory receptor - sensory info is sent to the CNS for processing Define nervous system integration. - Correct Ans-The generation of a motor output based on the sum of sensory inputs. How is much of the integration within a nervous system done? - Correct Ans-By way of reflex arcs. Where does learning take place? - Correct Ans-The brain. Define reaction time. - Correct Ans-The time from the start of a signal to the response. How does the sensory system stimulated affect reaction time? (3) - Correct Ans-1. differences in afferent conduction time between sensory systems 2. some sensory systems can change instantly while others change more slowly 3. certain sensory systems are more sensitive Define visual-motor learning. - Correct Ans-The process of increasing the accuracy, speed, and coordination of tasks involving hand-eye coordination the more often we perform them. What is the alpha value when determining the 95% confidence interval? - Correct Ans-0.05 What is the formula for standard error of the mean? - Correct Ans-Standard Deviation / SQRT (N) What does the standard error of the mean quantify? - Correct Ans-How much the reaction times vary amongst the students; helps answer how sure we are that the data is within the normal range. Define mechanoreceptors. - Correct Ans-Specialized sensory nerve cells that respond to touch, pressure, sound, movement, and stretch; can detect both external and internal stimuli. Define proprioreceptors. - Correct Ans-Internal mechanoreceptors that function to tell us info about muscle position, contraction, movement, and place in space. What occurs when a mechanical force stimulates a mechanoreceptor? - Correct Ans-An action potential is triggered in the mechanoreceptor neuron that travels to higher ganglion for processing. Define: 1. Setae 2. Hair plates 3. Campaniform sensilla 4. Chordotonal organs - Correct Ans-1. mechanoreceptor; short hair 2. mechanoreceptor; clusters of hairs 3. dome-like structures which are distorted with the movements of the spines that protrude from surface of sensilla or with leg movements 4. structures under cuticle which change in length when joint that organ spans is extended or flexed Define stretch receptors. - Correct Ans-Used to detect the position of the limb as the subject moves. As the limb is moved from a neutral position, sensory neurons increase rate at which they generate AP's. Define firing rate. - Correct Ans-Action Potentials / Second. How do a vast majority of sensory receptors in animals encode information about stimulus intensity? - Correct Ans-Through changing the firing rate. Define sensory receptor adaptation. - Correct Ans-A decline of sensory receptor firing rate with prolonged duration. Provide the two major sources of electrical noise. - Correct Ans-Pickup and ground loops. How do we reduce electrical noise? Define the device. - Correct Ans-By using a Faraday Cage: a grounded screened enclosure that sits around the preparation and electrodes and separates the source of the radiation from the electrodes. Define cockroach: 1. Metathoracic Legs 2. Coxa 3. Trochanter 4. Femur 5. Tibia 6. Tarsus - Correct Ans-1. hind legs 2. upper portion of leg 3. acts like a knee, allows bending of leg 4. resembles thigh 5. resembles shin 6. acts like ankle and foot