NST 103 Midterm 1 Exam 2025
Questions and Answers
GI tract compartments - ANSWER✔✔-oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine
Secretions come from... - ANSWER✔✔-Salivary glands (into oral cavity); liver,
gallbladder, pancreas (into small intestine)
Absorption - ANSWER✔✔-movement from GI tract across intestinal epithelial
membrane to blood or lymph
Brush border - ANSWER✔✔-aka microvilli on enterocytes in small intestine
chief cell - ANSWER✔✔-secretes pepsinogen (inactive but self cleaves in presence of
HCl to form pepsin, which can digest proteins); release gastric lipase
carbonic anhydrase - ANSWER✔✔-enzyme in parietal cells that converts CO2 + H2O to
H+ and HCO3- in a reversible reaction, proton can then be pumped into stomach lumen
through ATPase, bicarbonate exchanged for a Cl-, which also enters stomach lumen to
form HCl
,chyme - ANSWER✔✔-food and secretions formed in stomach
colon - ANSWER✔✔-aka large intestine
common bile duct - ANSWER✔✔-transports secretions of liver and pancreas to the
small intestine
corpus - ANSWER✔✔-
D-cell - ANSWER✔✔-negatively regulating acidification of stomach through release of
somatostatin
digestion - ANSWER✔✔-reduce size of molecules and repackage
duodenum - ANSWER✔✔-along with jejunum, accounts for most macronutrient
absorption
endocrine cell - ANSWER✔✔-regulatory, produce important peptides
enterochromaffin-like cell - ANSWER✔✔-stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes
histamine, acts on H2 receptor of parietal cell
enterocyte - ANSWER✔✔-epithelial cells lining villi of small intestine; mediate
absorption of nutrients
esophagus - ANSWER✔✔-connects oral cavity with stomach, peristaltic waves move
bolus towards stomach
, esophogeal sphincter - ANSWER✔✔-where bolus exits esophagus and enters stomach
gallbladder - ANSWER✔✔-stores bile made in the liver
fundus - ANSWER✔✔-part of the stomach above the cardia
gastric gland - ANSWER✔✔-lined with various cell types which mediate and regulate
secretions into stomach
gastrin - ANSWER✔✔-acts on receptor on parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2
receptor) which stimulates histidine decarboxylase
gastrointestinal tract - ANSWER✔✔-where digestion, absorption, secretion, motility,
storage, elimination take place, acts as barrier btn external and internal; wall has 4 basic
tissue layers surrounding lumen (mucosa - direct contact with food, submucosa -
support layer, muscularis - moving food, serosa - holds abdominal organs in place)
g-cell - ANSWER✔✔-stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes gastrin which acts on
receptor on parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2 receptor) which stimulates
histidine decarboxylase
goblet cell - ANSWER✔✔-secretes mucin (lubricant, buffer)
hepatic artery - ANSWER✔✔-carries oxygenated blood to liver cells
hepatic portal vein - ANSWER✔✔-carries deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood from
small intestine
Questions and Answers
GI tract compartments - ANSWER✔✔-oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine
Secretions come from... - ANSWER✔✔-Salivary glands (into oral cavity); liver,
gallbladder, pancreas (into small intestine)
Absorption - ANSWER✔✔-movement from GI tract across intestinal epithelial
membrane to blood or lymph
Brush border - ANSWER✔✔-aka microvilli on enterocytes in small intestine
chief cell - ANSWER✔✔-secretes pepsinogen (inactive but self cleaves in presence of
HCl to form pepsin, which can digest proteins); release gastric lipase
carbonic anhydrase - ANSWER✔✔-enzyme in parietal cells that converts CO2 + H2O to
H+ and HCO3- in a reversible reaction, proton can then be pumped into stomach lumen
through ATPase, bicarbonate exchanged for a Cl-, which also enters stomach lumen to
form HCl
,chyme - ANSWER✔✔-food and secretions formed in stomach
colon - ANSWER✔✔-aka large intestine
common bile duct - ANSWER✔✔-transports secretions of liver and pancreas to the
small intestine
corpus - ANSWER✔✔-
D-cell - ANSWER✔✔-negatively regulating acidification of stomach through release of
somatostatin
digestion - ANSWER✔✔-reduce size of molecules and repackage
duodenum - ANSWER✔✔-along with jejunum, accounts for most macronutrient
absorption
endocrine cell - ANSWER✔✔-regulatory, produce important peptides
enterochromaffin-like cell - ANSWER✔✔-stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes
histamine, acts on H2 receptor of parietal cell
enterocyte - ANSWER✔✔-epithelial cells lining villi of small intestine; mediate
absorption of nutrients
esophagus - ANSWER✔✔-connects oral cavity with stomach, peristaltic waves move
bolus towards stomach
, esophogeal sphincter - ANSWER✔✔-where bolus exits esophagus and enters stomach
gallbladder - ANSWER✔✔-stores bile made in the liver
fundus - ANSWER✔✔-part of the stomach above the cardia
gastric gland - ANSWER✔✔-lined with various cell types which mediate and regulate
secretions into stomach
gastrin - ANSWER✔✔-acts on receptor on parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2
receptor) which stimulates histidine decarboxylase
gastrointestinal tract - ANSWER✔✔-where digestion, absorption, secretion, motility,
storage, elimination take place, acts as barrier btn external and internal; wall has 4 basic
tissue layers surrounding lumen (mucosa - direct contact with food, submucosa -
support layer, muscularis - moving food, serosa - holds abdominal organs in place)
g-cell - ANSWER✔✔-stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes gastrin which acts on
receptor on parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2 receptor) which stimulates
histidine decarboxylase
goblet cell - ANSWER✔✔-secretes mucin (lubricant, buffer)
hepatic artery - ANSWER✔✔-carries oxygenated blood to liver cells
hepatic portal vein - ANSWER✔✔-carries deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood from
small intestine
