PSY-105 EXAM 2 REVIEW UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Child-directed speech (Motherese) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The way adults talk to babies—high-
pitched, slow, and with exaggerated expressions.
Babbling - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Baby's speech-like sounds (ba-ba, da-da) around 4-6 months.
Gestures - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Using body movements (like pointing) before full speech.
Sign Language - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Babies can learn to sign before speaking.
Holophrase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅One word that expresses a full idea.
18-Month Naming Explosion - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Rapid learning of new words.
Whole object bias - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Kids think a new word refers to a whole object, not a
part.
Mutual exclusivity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Assuming a new word refers to something unknown.
Chaser the dog - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learned 1,000+ object names.
Kanzi - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A bonobo who used a lexigram board to communicate.
Washoe - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A chimp who learned sign language.
Dolphins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Can understand complex commands and symbols.
, Learning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learning by associating two stimuli.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Naturally causes a response (e.g., food).
Unconditioned Response (UCR) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Natural reaction (e.g., salivating to food).
Neutral Stimulus (NS) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Has no response until paired with UCS (e.g., bell).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Was NS, now triggers response (e.g., bell).
Conditioned Response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learned reaction (e.g., salivation to bell).
Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CR weakens when CS is no longer paired with UCS.
Spontaneous recovery - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CR returns after a pause.
Higher-order conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CS becomes associated with a new NS.
Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Reacting to similar stimuli.
Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learning through rewards and punishments.
Positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Adding something good to increase behavior (e.g.,
giving candy).
ANSWERS
Child-directed speech (Motherese) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The way adults talk to babies—high-
pitched, slow, and with exaggerated expressions.
Babbling - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Baby's speech-like sounds (ba-ba, da-da) around 4-6 months.
Gestures - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Using body movements (like pointing) before full speech.
Sign Language - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Babies can learn to sign before speaking.
Holophrase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅One word that expresses a full idea.
18-Month Naming Explosion - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Rapid learning of new words.
Whole object bias - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Kids think a new word refers to a whole object, not a
part.
Mutual exclusivity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Assuming a new word refers to something unknown.
Chaser the dog - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learned 1,000+ object names.
Kanzi - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A bonobo who used a lexigram board to communicate.
Washoe - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A chimp who learned sign language.
Dolphins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Can understand complex commands and symbols.
, Learning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learning by associating two stimuli.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Naturally causes a response (e.g., food).
Unconditioned Response (UCR) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Natural reaction (e.g., salivating to food).
Neutral Stimulus (NS) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Has no response until paired with UCS (e.g., bell).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Was NS, now triggers response (e.g., bell).
Conditioned Response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learned reaction (e.g., salivation to bell).
Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CR weakens when CS is no longer paired with UCS.
Spontaneous recovery - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CR returns after a pause.
Higher-order conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CS becomes associated with a new NS.
Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Reacting to similar stimuli.
Operant Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Learning through rewards and punishments.
Positive reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Adding something good to increase behavior (e.g.,
giving candy).
