NURS 651: Genitourinary High-Yield Practice Exams
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vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) - regurgitation of urine from the bladder into the ureters and
kidneys
VUR is most commonly caused by - congenitally short intravesical ureter
Primary VUR - congenital, abnormally short ureter with ineffective valve
Secondary VUR - bladder outlet obstruction
VUR grading - I-to ureter without dilation
II-to ureter and kidney without dilation
III- mild dilation of ureter and kidney
IV-moderate: mild blunting of renal calyces
V-Blunted calyces (severe)
Complications of VUR - recurrent UTIs, renal scarring, renal disease
Clinical findings of VUR - history of UTI or current UTI symptoms
treatment of VUR grades I-III - self resolution
treatment of VUR grades IV-V - surgical, pediatric urologist
dysfunctional voiding - defined as a problem of bladder emptying
staccato pattern in dysfunctional voiding - results in intermittent flow, prolonged
micturition time, and incomplete bladder emptying
plateau pattern in dysfunctional voiding - related to detrusor overactivity or underactivity
dysfunctional voiding is often accompanied by - constipation
enuresis - voluntary or involuntary urination at an age when toilet training should be
complete
primary enuresis - diagnosed in a child who never established urinary continence
, secondary enuresis - occurs in a child who has had at least 6-12 months of nighttime
dryness and then starts bedwetting
nocturnal enuresis - incontinence during sleep
diurnal enuresis - daytime wetting
most common enuresis in school-age children - secondary nocturnal enuresis
diagnosis of enuersis - -at least 5 years old
-one episode a month for a duration of 3 months
frequent enueresis - 4 or more times a week
infrequent enuresis - 4 or less times a month
what is recommended with all children with enuersis? - UA
Drug therapy for enuersis - desmopressin
three kinds of UTI in children - asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis
asymptomatic bacteriuria - bacteria in the urine without other symptoms, is benign, and
does not cause renal injury
cystitis - infection of the bladder that produces lower tract symptoms but does not cause
fever or renal injury
pyelonephritis - inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis, most severe type of UTI
complicated UTI - UTI with fever, toxicity, and dehydration or a UTI occurring in a children
younger than 3-6 months olf
most common organism associated with UTI - E. Coli
Recurrent UTI - UTI within 2 weeks with the same organisms or a reinfection with a
different organism
chronic UTI - ongoing, unresolved, often caused by a structural abnormality or a resistant
organism
organism most often associated with UTI in neonates - UTI secondary to group B
streptococcus
the most important risk factor for the development of pyelonephritis is - VUR
2025 | Fully Verified and Trusted
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) - regurgitation of urine from the bladder into the ureters and
kidneys
VUR is most commonly caused by - congenitally short intravesical ureter
Primary VUR - congenital, abnormally short ureter with ineffective valve
Secondary VUR - bladder outlet obstruction
VUR grading - I-to ureter without dilation
II-to ureter and kidney without dilation
III- mild dilation of ureter and kidney
IV-moderate: mild blunting of renal calyces
V-Blunted calyces (severe)
Complications of VUR - recurrent UTIs, renal scarring, renal disease
Clinical findings of VUR - history of UTI or current UTI symptoms
treatment of VUR grades I-III - self resolution
treatment of VUR grades IV-V - surgical, pediatric urologist
dysfunctional voiding - defined as a problem of bladder emptying
staccato pattern in dysfunctional voiding - results in intermittent flow, prolonged
micturition time, and incomplete bladder emptying
plateau pattern in dysfunctional voiding - related to detrusor overactivity or underactivity
dysfunctional voiding is often accompanied by - constipation
enuresis - voluntary or involuntary urination at an age when toilet training should be
complete
primary enuresis - diagnosed in a child who never established urinary continence
, secondary enuresis - occurs in a child who has had at least 6-12 months of nighttime
dryness and then starts bedwetting
nocturnal enuresis - incontinence during sleep
diurnal enuresis - daytime wetting
most common enuresis in school-age children - secondary nocturnal enuresis
diagnosis of enuersis - -at least 5 years old
-one episode a month for a duration of 3 months
frequent enueresis - 4 or more times a week
infrequent enuresis - 4 or less times a month
what is recommended with all children with enuersis? - UA
Drug therapy for enuersis - desmopressin
three kinds of UTI in children - asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis
asymptomatic bacteriuria - bacteria in the urine without other symptoms, is benign, and
does not cause renal injury
cystitis - infection of the bladder that produces lower tract symptoms but does not cause
fever or renal injury
pyelonephritis - inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis, most severe type of UTI
complicated UTI - UTI with fever, toxicity, and dehydration or a UTI occurring in a children
younger than 3-6 months olf
most common organism associated with UTI - E. Coli
Recurrent UTI - UTI within 2 weeks with the same organisms or a reinfection with a
different organism
chronic UTI - ongoing, unresolved, often caused by a structural abnormality or a resistant
organism
organism most often associated with UTI in neonates - UTI secondary to group B
streptococcus
the most important risk factor for the development of pyelonephritis is - VUR
