PN FUNDAMENTALS FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔How much water should you mix meds with when preparing to give through NG
tube? - ✔✔15-30mLs
✔✔What happens during ventricular systole? - ✔✔the ventricles force blood into the
aorta, it represents the maximum amount of pressure exerted on the arteries
✔✔What happens during ventricular diastole? - ✔✔The ventricles relax and there is
minimal pressure on the arteries
✔✔What is the acceptable oral temperature range? - ✔✔36-38 degrees celsius; 96.8-
100.4 degrees farenheit
✔✔Transfer of heat from the body directly to another surface (when the body is
immersed in water) - ✔✔Conduction
✔✔Dispersion of heat by air currents (wind blowing across exposed skin) -
✔✔Convection
✔✔Dispersion of heat through water vapor (sweating) - ✔✔Evaporation
✔✔Transfer of heat from one object to another without the objects touching each other -
✔✔radiation
✔✔How far should you insert a thermometer when getting a rectal temperature? - ✔✔1-
1.5 inches
✔✔How do you take a temporal temperature? - ✔✔Scan the probe across the forehead,
over the temporal artery, and then touch the skin behind the earlobe
✔✔Hypothermia is a body temperature below - ✔✔35 degrees celsius
✔✔0 grade pulse means - ✔✔the pulse is absent
✔✔1+ pulse means - ✔✔diminished, weaker than expected
✔✔2+ pulse means - ✔✔Brisk, expected
✔✔3+ pulse means - ✔✔Increased, strong
✔✔4+ pulse means - ✔✔full volume, bounding
, ✔✔What is a pulse deficit? - ✔✔the difference between the apical pulse and the radial
pulse
✔✔What is the expected pulse rate for an infant? - ✔✔120-160
✔✔What is the average pulse rate for a 12-14 year old - ✔✔80-90
✔✔The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. - ✔✔Ventilation
✔✔The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood
cells. - ✔✔Diffusion
✔✔How do you measure ventilation? - ✔✔Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth
✔✔How do you measure diffusion? - ✔✔pulse ox
✔✔The flow of blood to and from the pulmonary capillaries - ✔✔Perfusion
✔✔How do you measure perfusion? - ✔✔pulse ox
✔✔What is a regular respiratory rate for a newborn? - ✔✔30-60
✔✔What is regular respiratory rate for a school age child? - ✔✔20-30
✔✔What four things determine cardiac output? - ✔✔Heart rate, contractility, blood
volume, venous return
✔✔Systemic vascular resistance - ✔✔Reflects the amount of restriction or dilation of the
arteries
✔✔Increased SVR would do what to blood pressure? - ✔✔Increase it
✔✔What is a normal blood pressure? - ✔✔<120/<80
✔✔What is considered pre hypertension? - ✔✔120-139/80-89
✔✔What is considered stage 1 hypertension? - ✔✔140-159/90-99
✔✔What is considered stage 2 hypertension? - ✔✔>=160/>=100
✔✔How long should you wait between lying, sitting, and standing, when taking
orthostatic vital signs? - ✔✔1-3 minutes
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔How much water should you mix meds with when preparing to give through NG
tube? - ✔✔15-30mLs
✔✔What happens during ventricular systole? - ✔✔the ventricles force blood into the
aorta, it represents the maximum amount of pressure exerted on the arteries
✔✔What happens during ventricular diastole? - ✔✔The ventricles relax and there is
minimal pressure on the arteries
✔✔What is the acceptable oral temperature range? - ✔✔36-38 degrees celsius; 96.8-
100.4 degrees farenheit
✔✔Transfer of heat from the body directly to another surface (when the body is
immersed in water) - ✔✔Conduction
✔✔Dispersion of heat by air currents (wind blowing across exposed skin) -
✔✔Convection
✔✔Dispersion of heat through water vapor (sweating) - ✔✔Evaporation
✔✔Transfer of heat from one object to another without the objects touching each other -
✔✔radiation
✔✔How far should you insert a thermometer when getting a rectal temperature? - ✔✔1-
1.5 inches
✔✔How do you take a temporal temperature? - ✔✔Scan the probe across the forehead,
over the temporal artery, and then touch the skin behind the earlobe
✔✔Hypothermia is a body temperature below - ✔✔35 degrees celsius
✔✔0 grade pulse means - ✔✔the pulse is absent
✔✔1+ pulse means - ✔✔diminished, weaker than expected
✔✔2+ pulse means - ✔✔Brisk, expected
✔✔3+ pulse means - ✔✔Increased, strong
✔✔4+ pulse means - ✔✔full volume, bounding
, ✔✔What is a pulse deficit? - ✔✔the difference between the apical pulse and the radial
pulse
✔✔What is the expected pulse rate for an infant? - ✔✔120-160
✔✔What is the average pulse rate for a 12-14 year old - ✔✔80-90
✔✔The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. - ✔✔Ventilation
✔✔The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood
cells. - ✔✔Diffusion
✔✔How do you measure ventilation? - ✔✔Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth
✔✔How do you measure diffusion? - ✔✔pulse ox
✔✔The flow of blood to and from the pulmonary capillaries - ✔✔Perfusion
✔✔How do you measure perfusion? - ✔✔pulse ox
✔✔What is a regular respiratory rate for a newborn? - ✔✔30-60
✔✔What is regular respiratory rate for a school age child? - ✔✔20-30
✔✔What four things determine cardiac output? - ✔✔Heart rate, contractility, blood
volume, venous return
✔✔Systemic vascular resistance - ✔✔Reflects the amount of restriction or dilation of the
arteries
✔✔Increased SVR would do what to blood pressure? - ✔✔Increase it
✔✔What is a normal blood pressure? - ✔✔<120/<80
✔✔What is considered pre hypertension? - ✔✔120-139/80-89
✔✔What is considered stage 1 hypertension? - ✔✔140-159/90-99
✔✔What is considered stage 2 hypertension? - ✔✔>=160/>=100
✔✔How long should you wait between lying, sitting, and standing, when taking
orthostatic vital signs? - ✔✔1-3 minutes
