N 3280 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
How often does the body's total blood volume pass through the kidneys for waste
removal? - ANSWER volume passes through in 30 minutes
Function of the Kidneys/Ureters - ANSWER maintain composition and volume of body
fluids, filter and excrete blood constituents not needed and retain those that are
needed, and excrete waste product (urine)
How do the nephrons work? - ANSWER remove the end products of metabolism, such as
urea, creatinine, and uric acid from the blood plasma and urine. They also maintain and
regulate fluid balance
What does each nephron consist of? - ANSWER complicated system of arterioles,
capillaries, and tubules
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANSWER approximately 1 million in each
kidney
Bladder - ANSWER smooth muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine
Detrusor muscle - ANSWER three layers of muscle tissue called the inner longitudinal
layer, the middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer
Function of the sphincter - ANSWER guards opening between urinary bladder and
urethra
Function of the urethra - ANSWER convey urine from the bladder to exterior of body
Where is the prostate gland located? - ANSWER located below the urethra of a male
True or false: No portion of the female urethra is external to the body? - ANSWER true.
there is no portion exposed
What are the parts of a male urethra? - ANSWER prostatic, membranous, and cavernous
portions
It is approximately 5 1/2 to 6 1/4 inches long
Act of urination (micturation) - ANSWER the process of emptying the bladder
Where are the nerve centers for urination situated? - ANSWER the nerve centers for this
are located in the brain and spinal cord
Process of emptying the bladder - ANSWER detrusor muscle contracts
,internal sphincter relaxes
urine enters posterior urethra
muscles of perineum and external sphincter relax
muscles of abdominal wall contracts slightly
diaphragm lowers, micturation occurs
Autonomic bladder - ANSWER bladder no longer controlled by the brain due to injury or
disease
Urinary incontinence - ANSWER any involuntary loss of urine
Dysuria - ANSWER painful or difficult urination
Frequency - ANSWER increased incidence of voiding
nocturia - ANSWER awakening at night to urinate
anuria - ANSWER 24 hour urine output is less than 50 mL
oliguria - ANSWER 24 hour urine output is less than 400 mL
polyuria - ANSWER excessive urination
proteinuria - ANSWER protein in the urine
Hematuria - ANSWER blood in the urine
glycosuria - ANSWER glucose in the urine
pyuria - ANSWER pus in the urine
Urgency - ANSWER strong desire to void urine
urinary incontinence - ANSWER involuntary loss of urine
nocturia - ANSWER voiding at night
Factors affecting micturation - ANSWER developmental considerations
, food and fluid intake
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
psychological variables
medications
Effect of aging on urination - ANSWER increased frequency
urine retention stasis
voluntary control affected by physical problems
Food and fluid intake and urination - ANSWER decrease in food and fluid intake leads to
more concentrated urine
Foods high in water intake can increase output and high sodium content in food can
cause water retention
pyschological variables and urination - ANSWER personal and private for many people
can cause embarassment and anxiety
stress can inhibit relaxation of external urethral sphincter
Factors that can lead to decreased urinary muscle tone - ANSWER immobility -
abdominal muscles lose tone because they are not moving around
childbearing - everything gets stretched out once the baby is born
menopause
trauma - injury to the pelvic area or spinal cord can lead to decreased bladder tone
Common diseases associated with renal problems - ANSWER UTI, kidney stone (urinary
calculi), hypertension, diabetes mellitus
diuretics - ANSWER prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in tubules
VERIFIED ANSWERS
How often does the body's total blood volume pass through the kidneys for waste
removal? - ANSWER volume passes through in 30 minutes
Function of the Kidneys/Ureters - ANSWER maintain composition and volume of body
fluids, filter and excrete blood constituents not needed and retain those that are
needed, and excrete waste product (urine)
How do the nephrons work? - ANSWER remove the end products of metabolism, such as
urea, creatinine, and uric acid from the blood plasma and urine. They also maintain and
regulate fluid balance
What does each nephron consist of? - ANSWER complicated system of arterioles,
capillaries, and tubules
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANSWER approximately 1 million in each
kidney
Bladder - ANSWER smooth muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine
Detrusor muscle - ANSWER three layers of muscle tissue called the inner longitudinal
layer, the middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer
Function of the sphincter - ANSWER guards opening between urinary bladder and
urethra
Function of the urethra - ANSWER convey urine from the bladder to exterior of body
Where is the prostate gland located? - ANSWER located below the urethra of a male
True or false: No portion of the female urethra is external to the body? - ANSWER true.
there is no portion exposed
What are the parts of a male urethra? - ANSWER prostatic, membranous, and cavernous
portions
It is approximately 5 1/2 to 6 1/4 inches long
Act of urination (micturation) - ANSWER the process of emptying the bladder
Where are the nerve centers for urination situated? - ANSWER the nerve centers for this
are located in the brain and spinal cord
Process of emptying the bladder - ANSWER detrusor muscle contracts
,internal sphincter relaxes
urine enters posterior urethra
muscles of perineum and external sphincter relax
muscles of abdominal wall contracts slightly
diaphragm lowers, micturation occurs
Autonomic bladder - ANSWER bladder no longer controlled by the brain due to injury or
disease
Urinary incontinence - ANSWER any involuntary loss of urine
Dysuria - ANSWER painful or difficult urination
Frequency - ANSWER increased incidence of voiding
nocturia - ANSWER awakening at night to urinate
anuria - ANSWER 24 hour urine output is less than 50 mL
oliguria - ANSWER 24 hour urine output is less than 400 mL
polyuria - ANSWER excessive urination
proteinuria - ANSWER protein in the urine
Hematuria - ANSWER blood in the urine
glycosuria - ANSWER glucose in the urine
pyuria - ANSWER pus in the urine
Urgency - ANSWER strong desire to void urine
urinary incontinence - ANSWER involuntary loss of urine
nocturia - ANSWER voiding at night
Factors affecting micturation - ANSWER developmental considerations
, food and fluid intake
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
psychological variables
medications
Effect of aging on urination - ANSWER increased frequency
urine retention stasis
voluntary control affected by physical problems
Food and fluid intake and urination - ANSWER decrease in food and fluid intake leads to
more concentrated urine
Foods high in water intake can increase output and high sodium content in food can
cause water retention
pyschological variables and urination - ANSWER personal and private for many people
can cause embarassment and anxiety
stress can inhibit relaxation of external urethral sphincter
Factors that can lead to decreased urinary muscle tone - ANSWER immobility -
abdominal muscles lose tone because they are not moving around
childbearing - everything gets stretched out once the baby is born
menopause
trauma - injury to the pelvic area or spinal cord can lead to decreased bladder tone
Common diseases associated with renal problems - ANSWER UTI, kidney stone (urinary
calculi), hypertension, diabetes mellitus
diuretics - ANSWER prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in tubules
