Gender and Global Economy QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
1. "Public" vs. "Private" Transcript - ANSWER-PUBLIC = it is all approximately microcredit
-> giving the negative, and women in particular, get admission to to credit
(promotional)./Taken up the world over./Fought as extra of a system of micro-finance
such as more than one factors of finance./Benefits better off recipients.
PRIVATE = it is truely approximately social services, "micro-finance improved"
(protectionist)./Includes the supply of social services (faculties, healthcare)./Understands
loans may be used to easy intake./About social team spirit.
2. Three-point definition - ANSWER-PROCESS: organizational trade.
OUTPUT: gender aware policy and practice.
GOAL: gender equality in society.
3. Are girls toward nature? - ANSWER-Biology vs. Constructed roles of gender./But,
even supposing gender is socially constructed, fabric consequences. Material
motives girls might also have special relations with nature = special
understanding and unique affects./Differences through elegance, race, and culture
NOT biology./Remember gender is socially constructed./Women regularly feel the
influences of environmental problems first and hardest.
4. Avenues/Arenas for mobilizing - ANSWER-Formal-bureaucratic organizational kind.
Collectivist-life-style organizational kinds. W"Public" vs. "Private" Transcript -
ANSWER-PUBLIC = it's all about microcredit -> giving the poor, and women in
particular, access to credit (promotional)./Taken up internationally./Fought as
more of a system of micro-finance including multiple aspects of finance./Benefits
better off recipients.
PRIVATE = it's really about social services, "micro-finance multiplied"
(protectionist)./Includes the provision of social services (schools,
healthcare)./Understands loans can be used to smooth consumption./About social
solidarity.
5. 3-point definition - ANSWER-PROCESS: organizational change.
OUTPUT: gender aware policy and practice.
GOAL: gender equality in society.
6. Are women closer to nature? - ANSWER-Biology vs. constructed roles of
gender./But, even if gender is socially constructed, material outcomes. Material
reasons women may have different relations with nature = different knowledge
and different impacts./Differences by class, race, and culture NOT
biology./Remember gender is socially constructed./Women often feel the impacts
of environmental problems first and hardest.
7. Avenues/Arenas for mobilizing - ANSWER-Formal-bureaucratic organizational type.
Collectivist-lifestyle organizational types. Working from within. Networks.
, Conferences - as places where North-South tensions often played out/set
international agendas.
8. Bina Agarwal - ANSWER-Main arguments = land ownership can provide
empowerment to women and improve child and maternal health, agricultural
productivity, and gender relations./Land ownership is more important and far
reaching than other potential interventions (i.e. micro-credit)./The challenges of
individual ownership can be overcome with group ownership.
Proposals = collective ownership of land./Individual ownership of land but joint
ownership of equipment./Collective use rights to land but not the right to sell./Land ->
certain kinds of empowerment.
What are the benefits to collective cultivation of land? = enables women to access land
without depending on inheritance./Joint investments and collective management can
overcome the limitations of small plot sizes./Can help them mobilize funds for collective
investments./Cooperate in labor sharing and marketing./Helps to deflect pressure from
husbands to take over land./Doesn't promote private land rights as only way.
9. Contextual History of Mainstreaming - ANSWER-WID = Women In Development:
modernization theory and liberal feminist ideas on equality. Economic change ->
empowerment.
WAD = Women And Development: dependency theory and Marxist feminist ideas.
Economic change -> empowerment. Advocated no real policy change around
involving women in the development process.
GAD = Gender And Development: rooted in post-development theory and
post-structural critiques in feminism. Economic change DOES NOT EQUAL
empowerment (e.g. micro-credit). Refocus on "gender relations and roles" above
"women" as a category. Gender DOES NOT EQUAL women. Effective poverty
reduction is gender aware. Gender mainstreaming.
Mainstreaming today = rise of gender mainstreaming as "solution" to global
gender inequality and poverty. Disillusionment with gender mainstreaming as
"solution." Re-emergence of "women's rights" as focus in development policy
(tempered by GAD thinking). Dual approach adopted in organizations. Gender
mainstreaming remains key to many development institutions.
10.Critiques of gender mainstreaming - ANSWER-Gender equality is a political issue.
Ministries are bureaucracies, not places for social transformation (by-passes
politics). Ministries are often burdened with internal politics (patronage, etc). Can't
support transformational change. Can't substitute for politics and advocacy work.
Gap between policy intentions, implementation and outcomes. Policy
prescriptions imposed from outside. Focus on national level institutions. Same
tools regardless of context - does the Swedish model work in Ghana?
Simplification of complex processes. A "hallow term" with no clear agendas for
transformative policy or institutional changes. Essentializes "women" and "men"
as oppositional categories. A need for advocacy work to better understand the
institutional world responsible for "mainstreaming." The need to sometimes
depoliticize or rely on myths/discourse. Other power relations involved in addition
, to gender - race, class, ethnicity, North-South. New power dynamics lead by
gender and development professionals.
11.Debate on use of the term - ANSWER-What does it project? What does it not deal
with/leave behind?/What does it threaten?/How is it being used by NGOs and
multilateral agencies?
12.Ecofeminism - ANSWER-1970s/Male control over nature AND women./Science and
industrialization (as masculine) control and violence over nature AND
women./Development as violence against women and nature./Inspired a global
feminist environmentalist movement./highlighted the value of women's
environmental knowledge./Green Revolution in India = increased reliance on
technologies that are not environmentally friendly, increase women's work, but yet
displace them from much of the process./CRITIQUES: essentialisms of women,
ethnic groups, nature, and women-nature relations./Focus on spiritual aspects.
Ignores local context and materiality.
13.Feminist Environmentalism (Bina Agarwal) - ANSWER-Material connections between
women and the environment (different knowledge and different impacts).
14.Feminist Political Ecology (Rocheleau, Nightingale) - ANSWER-Gendered
knowledge./Gendered environmental politics (not just about women)./Gendered
environmental rights (property, resources)./ Importance of local context
(geography, politics, material processes)./Adding gender as a critical variable in
looking at uneven access to and control over resources./ Importance of global and
local context impacting resource management and environmental
change./GENDERED power relations./Environmental issues are always political.
1. Gendered nature of environmental knowledge (Gendered Sciences of
Survival)./Local contextual knowledge of women./Challenges science as a neutral
and dominant source of valid knowledge.
2. Gendered environmental rights and responsibilities./Rights and access - tenure
(land, water)./Responsibilities - to manage and procure (firewood,
water)./Environmental quality.
3. Gendered environmental politics and Grassroots activism./Local and
global./Redefining gender roles and rights, as well as addressing specific
environmental and development issues.
15.First Wave - ANSWER-Late 19th and early 20th centuries. Emerged out of urban
industrialism and liberal socialist politics. GOAL: open up opportunities for
women, with a focus on suffrage and citizenship -> in the US, 19th Amendment in
1920, giving women the right to vote/Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), written by
Alice Paul in 1923 to confirm "equal justice under law of all citizens."
Transnational, with links across different "national" movements.
16.Gender and forestry in Nepal (Nightingale) - ANSWER-Work in the agro-forestry
systems is highly segregated based on social differences, particularly caste and
gender./Married women do most of the heavy work./Controlled by high-caste,
literate men.
17.Gender and Rural Development (Momsen) - ANSWER-Changes in rural economies:
impacts on women.
AND ANSWERS
1. "Public" vs. "Private" Transcript - ANSWER-PUBLIC = it is all approximately microcredit
-> giving the negative, and women in particular, get admission to to credit
(promotional)./Taken up the world over./Fought as extra of a system of micro-finance
such as more than one factors of finance./Benefits better off recipients.
PRIVATE = it is truely approximately social services, "micro-finance improved"
(protectionist)./Includes the supply of social services (faculties, healthcare)./Understands
loans may be used to easy intake./About social team spirit.
2. Three-point definition - ANSWER-PROCESS: organizational trade.
OUTPUT: gender aware policy and practice.
GOAL: gender equality in society.
3. Are girls toward nature? - ANSWER-Biology vs. Constructed roles of gender./But,
even supposing gender is socially constructed, fabric consequences. Material
motives girls might also have special relations with nature = special
understanding and unique affects./Differences through elegance, race, and culture
NOT biology./Remember gender is socially constructed./Women regularly feel the
influences of environmental problems first and hardest.
4. Avenues/Arenas for mobilizing - ANSWER-Formal-bureaucratic organizational kind.
Collectivist-life-style organizational kinds. W"Public" vs. "Private" Transcript -
ANSWER-PUBLIC = it's all about microcredit -> giving the poor, and women in
particular, access to credit (promotional)./Taken up internationally./Fought as
more of a system of micro-finance including multiple aspects of finance./Benefits
better off recipients.
PRIVATE = it's really about social services, "micro-finance multiplied"
(protectionist)./Includes the provision of social services (schools,
healthcare)./Understands loans can be used to smooth consumption./About social
solidarity.
5. 3-point definition - ANSWER-PROCESS: organizational change.
OUTPUT: gender aware policy and practice.
GOAL: gender equality in society.
6. Are women closer to nature? - ANSWER-Biology vs. constructed roles of
gender./But, even if gender is socially constructed, material outcomes. Material
reasons women may have different relations with nature = different knowledge
and different impacts./Differences by class, race, and culture NOT
biology./Remember gender is socially constructed./Women often feel the impacts
of environmental problems first and hardest.
7. Avenues/Arenas for mobilizing - ANSWER-Formal-bureaucratic organizational type.
Collectivist-lifestyle organizational types. Working from within. Networks.
, Conferences - as places where North-South tensions often played out/set
international agendas.
8. Bina Agarwal - ANSWER-Main arguments = land ownership can provide
empowerment to women and improve child and maternal health, agricultural
productivity, and gender relations./Land ownership is more important and far
reaching than other potential interventions (i.e. micro-credit)./The challenges of
individual ownership can be overcome with group ownership.
Proposals = collective ownership of land./Individual ownership of land but joint
ownership of equipment./Collective use rights to land but not the right to sell./Land ->
certain kinds of empowerment.
What are the benefits to collective cultivation of land? = enables women to access land
without depending on inheritance./Joint investments and collective management can
overcome the limitations of small plot sizes./Can help them mobilize funds for collective
investments./Cooperate in labor sharing and marketing./Helps to deflect pressure from
husbands to take over land./Doesn't promote private land rights as only way.
9. Contextual History of Mainstreaming - ANSWER-WID = Women In Development:
modernization theory and liberal feminist ideas on equality. Economic change ->
empowerment.
WAD = Women And Development: dependency theory and Marxist feminist ideas.
Economic change -> empowerment. Advocated no real policy change around
involving women in the development process.
GAD = Gender And Development: rooted in post-development theory and
post-structural critiques in feminism. Economic change DOES NOT EQUAL
empowerment (e.g. micro-credit). Refocus on "gender relations and roles" above
"women" as a category. Gender DOES NOT EQUAL women. Effective poverty
reduction is gender aware. Gender mainstreaming.
Mainstreaming today = rise of gender mainstreaming as "solution" to global
gender inequality and poverty. Disillusionment with gender mainstreaming as
"solution." Re-emergence of "women's rights" as focus in development policy
(tempered by GAD thinking). Dual approach adopted in organizations. Gender
mainstreaming remains key to many development institutions.
10.Critiques of gender mainstreaming - ANSWER-Gender equality is a political issue.
Ministries are bureaucracies, not places for social transformation (by-passes
politics). Ministries are often burdened with internal politics (patronage, etc). Can't
support transformational change. Can't substitute for politics and advocacy work.
Gap between policy intentions, implementation and outcomes. Policy
prescriptions imposed from outside. Focus on national level institutions. Same
tools regardless of context - does the Swedish model work in Ghana?
Simplification of complex processes. A "hallow term" with no clear agendas for
transformative policy or institutional changes. Essentializes "women" and "men"
as oppositional categories. A need for advocacy work to better understand the
institutional world responsible for "mainstreaming." The need to sometimes
depoliticize or rely on myths/discourse. Other power relations involved in addition
, to gender - race, class, ethnicity, North-South. New power dynamics lead by
gender and development professionals.
11.Debate on use of the term - ANSWER-What does it project? What does it not deal
with/leave behind?/What does it threaten?/How is it being used by NGOs and
multilateral agencies?
12.Ecofeminism - ANSWER-1970s/Male control over nature AND women./Science and
industrialization (as masculine) control and violence over nature AND
women./Development as violence against women and nature./Inspired a global
feminist environmentalist movement./highlighted the value of women's
environmental knowledge./Green Revolution in India = increased reliance on
technologies that are not environmentally friendly, increase women's work, but yet
displace them from much of the process./CRITIQUES: essentialisms of women,
ethnic groups, nature, and women-nature relations./Focus on spiritual aspects.
Ignores local context and materiality.
13.Feminist Environmentalism (Bina Agarwal) - ANSWER-Material connections between
women and the environment (different knowledge and different impacts).
14.Feminist Political Ecology (Rocheleau, Nightingale) - ANSWER-Gendered
knowledge./Gendered environmental politics (not just about women)./Gendered
environmental rights (property, resources)./ Importance of local context
(geography, politics, material processes)./Adding gender as a critical variable in
looking at uneven access to and control over resources./ Importance of global and
local context impacting resource management and environmental
change./GENDERED power relations./Environmental issues are always political.
1. Gendered nature of environmental knowledge (Gendered Sciences of
Survival)./Local contextual knowledge of women./Challenges science as a neutral
and dominant source of valid knowledge.
2. Gendered environmental rights and responsibilities./Rights and access - tenure
(land, water)./Responsibilities - to manage and procure (firewood,
water)./Environmental quality.
3. Gendered environmental politics and Grassroots activism./Local and
global./Redefining gender roles and rights, as well as addressing specific
environmental and development issues.
15.First Wave - ANSWER-Late 19th and early 20th centuries. Emerged out of urban
industrialism and liberal socialist politics. GOAL: open up opportunities for
women, with a focus on suffrage and citizenship -> in the US, 19th Amendment in
1920, giving women the right to vote/Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), written by
Alice Paul in 1923 to confirm "equal justice under law of all citizens."
Transnational, with links across different "national" movements.
16.Gender and forestry in Nepal (Nightingale) - ANSWER-Work in the agro-forestry
systems is highly segregated based on social differences, particularly caste and
gender./Married women do most of the heavy work./Controlled by high-caste,
literate men.
17.Gender and Rural Development (Momsen) - ANSWER-Changes in rural economies:
impacts on women.
