NURS 617 Final Exam 2025 100% ACCURATE
SUMMER GRADED A+ Southeastern Louisiana
University
axial vs appendicular skeleton - <<answer>>..axial=skull, thorax,
vertebral column (main supporting structures)
appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis, shoulder
types of bones: long vs short vs irregular vs flat -
<<answer>>..long=upper/lower extremities
short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey
irregular=vertebrae, jaw
flat=skull, ribs, scapula
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts - <<answer>>..osteoblasts- Bone *B*uilding
cells; secretes alkaline phosphate to increase serum calcium &
phosphorus
osteoclasts- Bone *C*hewing cells, phagocytic; releases calcium +
phosphorus from bone
,-high PTH=high calcium release=high osteoclast
osteocytes - <<answer>>..-a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast
becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted
-releases calcium into the blood
osteoprogenitor cells - <<answer>>..bone stem cells; source of all
bone cells EXCEPT FOR OSTEOCLASTS
-increase in activation during puberty, fractures
effects of calcitonin vs PTH - <<answer>>..-calcitonin=lowers serum
calcium & decreases resorptive function of osteoclasts; increases bone
mass, increased renal excretion of calcium & phosphates
-PTH=increases serum calcium; increased renal conservation of
calcium , decreased bone mass over time
endosteum and periosteum - <<answer>>..-two membranous sites of
osteoprogenitor cells
-endosteum=inner layer
-periosteum= outer layer
bone blood supply - <<answer>>..-highly vascularized, especially in
regions containing spongy bone
,-blood vessels enter bones from the periosteum via nutrient foramen
-haversian canals=blood vessels + nerves supplying osteon
-blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen required by cells and
remove waste products from bone cells
hematopoiesis in children vs adults - <<answer>>..-in fetus:
hematopoiesis transfers from liver to long bones
-children: red marrow replaced by yellow marrow in long bones;
epiphysis separated by metaphysis by cartilaginous growth plate, fuses
by puberty
-adults: red marrow restricted to flat bones (pelvis, fibs, sternum)
RED MARROW=RBC PRODUCTION, YELLOW=ADIPOSE CELLS
3 types of cartilage - <<answer>>..1. Hyaline - most abundant, slightly
flexible; ex=nose, ribs
2. Elastic - most flexible, 2nd abundant; ex=ears
3. Fibrocartilage - least flexible; ex=knee, vertebrae
-cartilage=more flexible than bone d/t increased extracellular substance
that bone
-no blood vessels; diffusion used for transport unless calcified by high
calcium levels
, production of D3 - <<answer>>..-produced in liver by PTH & prolactin;
increases absorption of calcium
-hypoparathyroidism=low D3, high calcium & phosphorus
-hyperparathyroidism=high D3, low calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is low? - <<answer>>..-PTH
released by parathyroid to stimulate osteoclasts to release calcium
-kidneys activate vit D to increase calcium absorption by intestines
-kidneys retain calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is high? - <<answer>>..-PTH
inhibited, calcitonin released from thyroid to increase renal clearance of
ca+ and phosphate
-inhibits osteoclast activity & inhibits D3 production
sources of vitamin D - <<answer>>..sunlight, fortified milk, fish, fish
liver oils, eggs
tendons vs ligaments vs joint - <<answer>>..Tendons=connect muscle
to bone
ligaments=connect bone to bone
joint/articulation=where bone meets bone
SUMMER GRADED A+ Southeastern Louisiana
University
axial vs appendicular skeleton - <<answer>>..axial=skull, thorax,
vertebral column (main supporting structures)
appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis, shoulder
types of bones: long vs short vs irregular vs flat -
<<answer>>..long=upper/lower extremities
short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey
irregular=vertebrae, jaw
flat=skull, ribs, scapula
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts - <<answer>>..osteoblasts- Bone *B*uilding
cells; secretes alkaline phosphate to increase serum calcium &
phosphorus
osteoclasts- Bone *C*hewing cells, phagocytic; releases calcium +
phosphorus from bone
,-high PTH=high calcium release=high osteoclast
osteocytes - <<answer>>..-a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast
becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted
-releases calcium into the blood
osteoprogenitor cells - <<answer>>..bone stem cells; source of all
bone cells EXCEPT FOR OSTEOCLASTS
-increase in activation during puberty, fractures
effects of calcitonin vs PTH - <<answer>>..-calcitonin=lowers serum
calcium & decreases resorptive function of osteoclasts; increases bone
mass, increased renal excretion of calcium & phosphates
-PTH=increases serum calcium; increased renal conservation of
calcium , decreased bone mass over time
endosteum and periosteum - <<answer>>..-two membranous sites of
osteoprogenitor cells
-endosteum=inner layer
-periosteum= outer layer
bone blood supply - <<answer>>..-highly vascularized, especially in
regions containing spongy bone
,-blood vessels enter bones from the periosteum via nutrient foramen
-haversian canals=blood vessels + nerves supplying osteon
-blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen required by cells and
remove waste products from bone cells
hematopoiesis in children vs adults - <<answer>>..-in fetus:
hematopoiesis transfers from liver to long bones
-children: red marrow replaced by yellow marrow in long bones;
epiphysis separated by metaphysis by cartilaginous growth plate, fuses
by puberty
-adults: red marrow restricted to flat bones (pelvis, fibs, sternum)
RED MARROW=RBC PRODUCTION, YELLOW=ADIPOSE CELLS
3 types of cartilage - <<answer>>..1. Hyaline - most abundant, slightly
flexible; ex=nose, ribs
2. Elastic - most flexible, 2nd abundant; ex=ears
3. Fibrocartilage - least flexible; ex=knee, vertebrae
-cartilage=more flexible than bone d/t increased extracellular substance
that bone
-no blood vessels; diffusion used for transport unless calcified by high
calcium levels
, production of D3 - <<answer>>..-produced in liver by PTH & prolactin;
increases absorption of calcium
-hypoparathyroidism=low D3, high calcium & phosphorus
-hyperparathyroidism=high D3, low calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is low? - <<answer>>..-PTH
released by parathyroid to stimulate osteoclasts to release calcium
-kidneys activate vit D to increase calcium absorption by intestines
-kidneys retain calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is high? - <<answer>>..-PTH
inhibited, calcitonin released from thyroid to increase renal clearance of
ca+ and phosphate
-inhibits osteoclast activity & inhibits D3 production
sources of vitamin D - <<answer>>..sunlight, fortified milk, fish, fish
liver oils, eggs
tendons vs ligaments vs joint - <<answer>>..Tendons=connect muscle
to bone
ligaments=connect bone to bone
joint/articulation=where bone meets bone
