BCH 403 Exam 3-Questions With 100% Verified
Answers.
Where is glucose synthesized? - ✔✔Liver and kidney cortex; cytoplasm. One intermediate
in mitochondria, ER transported into cytoplasm
How is pyruvate kinase bypasses in gluconeogenesis? - ✔✔2 enzymes: pyruvate
carboxylase and PEPCK
How is phosphofructokinase bypassed in gluconeogenesis? - ✔✔Fructo-1,6-bisphosphate
How is glucokinase bypassed in gluconeogenesis? - ✔✔Glucose-6-phosphatase
Pyruvate Carboxylase - ✔✔Requires ATP, generates oxaloacetate and does not occur in
the cytoplasm (mitochondria)
How is oxaloacetate transported to the cytoplasm? - ✔✔Converted to malate via
malate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle) which can be transported
PEPCK - ✔✔Requires GTP, releases CO2 (but no net CO2), irreversible
, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase - ✔✔Multiunit enzyme requiring Mg to
bypass phosphofructokinase-1
Glucose-6-phosphatase - ✔✔Bypasses glucokinase in liver and hexokinase in kidney cortex,
requires Mg2+. Consists of the enzyme + 3 translocases
Gluconeogenesis precursors - ✔✔Lactate, alanine, glutamine, glycerol
Extrahepatic PEPCK - ✔✔Incapable of complete gluconeogenesis, forms adipose tissue (fat)
What happens when blood glucose rises? - ✔✔Hyperglycemia, activation of pathways to
store glucose
What happens when blood glucose drops? - ✔✔Activation of pathways to make
glucose, absolute requirement for glucose
Types of glycosidic bonds - ✔✔Alpha 1-4 are horizontal and alpha 1-6 are vertical (branches)
Glycogenesis - ✔✔Activated by insulin, starts with glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase - ✔✔Converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate
UDP-glc pyrophosphorylase - ✔✔Converts glucose 1 phosphate to UDP-Glc
Glycogenin - ✔✔Converts UDP-glc to glycogen primer, which is then synthesized
by glycogen synthase to form glycogen
Branching enzyme - ✔✔Creates alpha 1-6 linkages
Answers.
Where is glucose synthesized? - ✔✔Liver and kidney cortex; cytoplasm. One intermediate
in mitochondria, ER transported into cytoplasm
How is pyruvate kinase bypasses in gluconeogenesis? - ✔✔2 enzymes: pyruvate
carboxylase and PEPCK
How is phosphofructokinase bypassed in gluconeogenesis? - ✔✔Fructo-1,6-bisphosphate
How is glucokinase bypassed in gluconeogenesis? - ✔✔Glucose-6-phosphatase
Pyruvate Carboxylase - ✔✔Requires ATP, generates oxaloacetate and does not occur in
the cytoplasm (mitochondria)
How is oxaloacetate transported to the cytoplasm? - ✔✔Converted to malate via
malate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle) which can be transported
PEPCK - ✔✔Requires GTP, releases CO2 (but no net CO2), irreversible
, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase - ✔✔Multiunit enzyme requiring Mg to
bypass phosphofructokinase-1
Glucose-6-phosphatase - ✔✔Bypasses glucokinase in liver and hexokinase in kidney cortex,
requires Mg2+. Consists of the enzyme + 3 translocases
Gluconeogenesis precursors - ✔✔Lactate, alanine, glutamine, glycerol
Extrahepatic PEPCK - ✔✔Incapable of complete gluconeogenesis, forms adipose tissue (fat)
What happens when blood glucose rises? - ✔✔Hyperglycemia, activation of pathways to
store glucose
What happens when blood glucose drops? - ✔✔Activation of pathways to make
glucose, absolute requirement for glucose
Types of glycosidic bonds - ✔✔Alpha 1-4 are horizontal and alpha 1-6 are vertical (branches)
Glycogenesis - ✔✔Activated by insulin, starts with glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase - ✔✔Converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate
UDP-glc pyrophosphorylase - ✔✔Converts glucose 1 phosphate to UDP-Glc
Glycogenin - ✔✔Converts UDP-glc to glycogen primer, which is then synthesized
by glycogen synthase to form glycogen
Branching enzyme - ✔✔Creates alpha 1-6 linkages
