30 multiple choice
5-6 from previous
1 short answer from previous
Cognitive Factors of Motivation
Happiness (pursuit as motivation)
- Ought; naive realism
- Fullerton longitudinal study (infant positive affect correlated with life satisfaction later
- Homeostasis
- Less expected happiness when one got what they wanted (not easily getting it increase
positive emotion)
- Pleasure is weak without obstacles → resistant to getting what we want can increase
pleasure
- Puzzle-solver 3000
Importance of Control (strong motivation to have control)
- prisoners
- Toddler and nursing home (need sense of control)
- Illusions of control (roll dice harder for higher number, bet more when it is ones own
chance to roll dice)
- Judgement of control: overestimate when outcomes are good
- Depressed individuals less susceptible to illusions of control
Obligation to others as motivation
- Challenge-control blend (friendship, pet ownership, rituals of religions, trouble with
retirement)
- Challenges/work make the above more pleasurable
- Work to maintain relationships make it worthwhile
Flow state
- State of experience, immersion, total engagement, harmony
- Very important to a good life
- Occurs when we confront task we can complete, concentrate on what we’re doing (which
provides immediate feedback), deep but effortless involvement that removes awareness
of worries and frustrations in everyday life, concern for self disappears, sense of duration
of time altered
Pursuit of happiness
- People sometimes pursue things they don’t expect to make them happy
, - Modern conception of happiness
- Pursuit of happiness
- Unusual perception of value
Sad/Benign Masochism
- Hedonic reversals
- Sensation seeking
- Sad movies, music, physical exhaustion, thrill rides etc
- Appeal of mastery
Systematic errors in pursuit of happiness
- Experience happiness (edgeworth’s shedometer)
- Error in affective forecasts
1. Focusing illusion: imagined future event only focusing on the event’s occurrence as a
vacuum; underappreciation of other events that can affect our wellbeing later
2. Presentism: tendency for current experience to influence views of past and future
(imagery uses same part of brain as vision, can close eyes; prefeeling using the same part
of brain as feeling but can’t turn of current feelings → interfere)
- hot cool empathy gap (in gym study)
- Natural childbirth study and overconfidence in resolutions
3. Mis-remembering happiness: colonoscopy study (remembered emotion assessment,
duration neglect, peak and end related to restrospective reports, retro report of longer
procedures that included lighter end = less severe). Memory record experience like notes
> like real time (peak-end rule: peak + end /2)
Social context in addiction
- Archaeologcal evidence: pre-historic people care for chronically ill and handicapped →
compassion
Studies Mentioned
Accident victims vs Lottery winners
- Happiness ratings evens out - homeostasis
Fullerton Longitudinal Study
- Positive affect (but not negative affect) during infancy was correlated with Life
Satisfaction responses at 29
Nursing home control-longevity study (Langer and Rodin)
- Incontrol group reported increase in categories of happy, acitve alert pre vs post
5-6 from previous
1 short answer from previous
Cognitive Factors of Motivation
Happiness (pursuit as motivation)
- Ought; naive realism
- Fullerton longitudinal study (infant positive affect correlated with life satisfaction later
- Homeostasis
- Less expected happiness when one got what they wanted (not easily getting it increase
positive emotion)
- Pleasure is weak without obstacles → resistant to getting what we want can increase
pleasure
- Puzzle-solver 3000
Importance of Control (strong motivation to have control)
- prisoners
- Toddler and nursing home (need sense of control)
- Illusions of control (roll dice harder for higher number, bet more when it is ones own
chance to roll dice)
- Judgement of control: overestimate when outcomes are good
- Depressed individuals less susceptible to illusions of control
Obligation to others as motivation
- Challenge-control blend (friendship, pet ownership, rituals of religions, trouble with
retirement)
- Challenges/work make the above more pleasurable
- Work to maintain relationships make it worthwhile
Flow state
- State of experience, immersion, total engagement, harmony
- Very important to a good life
- Occurs when we confront task we can complete, concentrate on what we’re doing (which
provides immediate feedback), deep but effortless involvement that removes awareness
of worries and frustrations in everyday life, concern for self disappears, sense of duration
of time altered
Pursuit of happiness
- People sometimes pursue things they don’t expect to make them happy
, - Modern conception of happiness
- Pursuit of happiness
- Unusual perception of value
Sad/Benign Masochism
- Hedonic reversals
- Sensation seeking
- Sad movies, music, physical exhaustion, thrill rides etc
- Appeal of mastery
Systematic errors in pursuit of happiness
- Experience happiness (edgeworth’s shedometer)
- Error in affective forecasts
1. Focusing illusion: imagined future event only focusing on the event’s occurrence as a
vacuum; underappreciation of other events that can affect our wellbeing later
2. Presentism: tendency for current experience to influence views of past and future
(imagery uses same part of brain as vision, can close eyes; prefeeling using the same part
of brain as feeling but can’t turn of current feelings → interfere)
- hot cool empathy gap (in gym study)
- Natural childbirth study and overconfidence in resolutions
3. Mis-remembering happiness: colonoscopy study (remembered emotion assessment,
duration neglect, peak and end related to restrospective reports, retro report of longer
procedures that included lighter end = less severe). Memory record experience like notes
> like real time (peak-end rule: peak + end /2)
Social context in addiction
- Archaeologcal evidence: pre-historic people care for chronically ill and handicapped →
compassion
Studies Mentioned
Accident victims vs Lottery winners
- Happiness ratings evens out - homeostasis
Fullerton Longitudinal Study
- Positive affect (but not negative affect) during infancy was correlated with Life
Satisfaction responses at 29
Nursing home control-longevity study (Langer and Rodin)
- Incontrol group reported increase in categories of happy, acitve alert pre vs post
