( ACCN) CSC Certification Preparation Exam With 100% Correct Answers Grade A Certified 2025/26

Split S1 - correct answerMV closes b/f tricuspid Causes of Split S1 - correct answerRBBB, PVCs, Ventricular Paced rhythms Split S2 - correct answerAortic closes b/f pulmonic valve Causes of Split S2 - correct answerOverfilled RV, ASD Indications for ACE Inhibitors - correct answerCHF/Systolic Failure, AMI (EF 40%), Anterior wall MI, HTN, Diabetic Renal Nephropathy -prils Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Effects of ACE Inhibitors - correct answerVasodilation, decrease preload & afterload, prevention of myocardial remodeling, reduce progress of diabetic nephropathy What do you want to monitor for in ACE inhibitor administration? - correct answerHypotension, hyperk, cough/angioedema, renal function Cardioselective B-Blockers - correct answerBlocks B1-- Bisoprolol, metoprolol SR, Atenolol, Esmolol, Acebutolol, Nebivolol Alpha & Beta Blocking Medications - correct answerLabetalol, Carvedilol (Coreg) Non-selective Beta Blocking Medications - correct answerBlocks B1 + B2; Propanolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Sotalol Indications for Beta Blockers - correct answerHTN, Secondary prevention of MI (metoprolol + carvedilol), Cardiac arrhythmias, angina, Afib, CHF/Systolic HF Effects of B Blockers - correct answerDecreases HR/BP, negative inotrope by decreasing myocardial workload, decreases preload, blocks stress catecholamines (epi + NE), decreases morbidity/mortality, decreases arrhythmias What should you monitor for in B blocker administration? - correct answerLow HR, Low BP, AV Blocks, HF, signs of shock, bronchospasm; cocaine use B blocker reversal agent - correct answerGlucagon How do Angiotensin Receptor Blockers work? - correct answerThey block AT1 receptors that hormones act on which are found in the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. Block Angiotensin 2 to help lower BP Examples of ARBS - correct answer"sartans"; Losartan, valsartan, candesartan, olmesartan, telmisartan Indications for ARBs - correct answerHTN, CHF/Systolic failure, diabetic renal nephropathy, intolerance of ACE inhibotors Effects of ARBs - correct answerVasodilation, decreases preload and afterload, reduces secretion of vasopressin. Watch out for these s/sx of ARBs - correct answerHypotension, HyperK, HA, caution in MI; second line drug use for pts that cant tolerate ACE inhibitors Examples of Aldosterone Blockers - correct answerSpironolactone and eplerenone Indications of Aldosterone Blockers - correct answerAdjunctive therapy in HF S/sx of Aldosterone Blockers - correct answerDiuresis, Blocks Na reabsorption, decreases preload and afterload, In combo with other diuretics, decreases Cardiac workload, k sparing diuretic What to watch out for with aldosterone blockers - correct answerHyperK especially when used with ACE or Arbs Calcium Channel Blockers - correct answerDihydropyridines: Amlodipine, nimodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, felodipine (little effect on contractility or HR) Benzothiazepine: Diltiazem (HR control) Phenylalkylamine: Verapamil (HR control) Indications for CCBs - correct answerHTN, Reduce HR, SVT, Afib/aflutter, Angina (prinzmetals for vasospasm), hypertrophic CM, prevent cerebral artery vasospasm (nimodipine) Effects of CCBs - correct answerArterial vasodilation (decreased afterload), decrease the force of myocaridal contraction, negative chronotrope and inotrope Watch out for these s/sx in CCB administration - correct answerBradycardia, heart block, reflexive tachycardia, caution when used with BB Reversal for CCB - correct answerCalcium Chloride, and Atropine Examples of Nitrates - correct answerNitroglycerin, Isordil, Imdur Indications for Nitrates - correct answerAngina, HF S/sx of Nitrates - correct answerVenodilation, and vasodilation (HA and Hyptension) Hydrazinophthalazine - correct answerHydralazine; usually prescibed in combo with isosorbide, bb, and diuretic in HF and HTN Effects of Hydralazine - correct answerdecrease afterload, vasodilator Watch out for these s/sx of Hydralazine - correct answerHypotension, HA, reflexive tachycardia MI/angina Normal PAOP - correct answer8-12 mmhg Normal CVP - correct answer2-6 mmHG Normal SVR - correct answer900-1400 dynes/sec/cm5 Normal PVR - correct answer90-250 What is CO? - correct answerHRxSV; Normal is 4-8L/min What is the Fick equation? - correct answerdetermines the rate at which a person uses oxygen in the blood; also known as VO2 How is SV calculate? - correct answerCO/HRx1000; Normal is 50-100ml/beat What is SV? - correct answerEnd diastolic volume-End Systolic Volume Normal EDV and ESV - correct answerEDV: 120 ml (vol at the end of filling) ESV: 50ml (vol at the end of ejection) What measurements contribute to SV? - correct answerPreload, afterload, contractility Conditions that cause an increase in Preload - correct answer*LV/RV HF *Hypervolemia *Cardiogenic shock *Pulmonary edema *VSD *Pulmonary HTN *TV stenosis *MV stenosis * Tamponade *Increased PEEP *IV fluids What happens in RV failure? - correct answerIncreased CVP and normal PAOP; will likely see low LV preload TMT of increased preload - correct answerDiuresis, vasodilators, positive inotropes (Milrinone), decrease the PEEP Conditions causing a decrease in preload - correct answer*Hypovolemia *Bleeding *Veno/vasodilation (inflammatory response from CPB) *Administration of morphine, ntg, or BB *Decreased venous return *Increased PEEP PVR - correct answerPulmonary Vascular Resistance; the resistance against blood flow from the PA to the LA; Normal 90-250 dynes/sec/cm