VPHY 3100 Exam 2 questions with
complete solutions A+ passed
Explain the organization of an overlap between the peripheral nervous system,
the central nervous system, the autonomic motor system, the somatic motor
system, the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system. -
correct answer ✔✔The peripheral nervous system includes motor (efferent)
systems and sensory (afferent) systems. The autonomic nervous system is part of
the PNS, and includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The
central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS is
made up of the nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS.
Compare and contrast cranial nerves and spinal nerves - correct answer
✔✔Cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain. Spinal nerves emerge from
segments of the spinal cord.
Compare and contrast mixed versus sensory nerves - correct answer ✔✔Mixed
nerves are composed of both sensory and motor fibers. The majority of nerves are
mixed rather than only sensory nerves.
Compare/contrast the two major divisions of the ANS: sympathetic and
parasympathetic - correct answer ✔✔The sympathetic division produces the
"fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic division produces the "rest
and digest" response. Both divisions have preganglionic neurons as well as post
ganglionic neurons. All sympathetic pre-ganglion fibers originate out of the
midsection of the spinal cord, while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers emerge
from either the brainstem or the lowest levels of the spinal cord. The sympathetic
, division has a chain of ganglia that runs close to the spinal cord, while
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers reach out all the way to target issues.
Compare/contrast the neurotransmitters and postsynaptic receptors for
preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) -
correct answer ✔✔Both divisions release acetylcholine from their pre-ganglions
(cholinergic). Sympathetic post ganglionic fibers are nor adrenergic (release
norepinephrine), while parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are cholinergic
(release acetylcholine)
Explain the responses of target tissues due to sympathetic and parasympathetic
innervation - correct answer ✔✔Sympathetic inhibits pupil construction,
salivation, airway constriction, digestion, and intestinal/rectal movement, and
excites heart rate. Parasympathetic does the exact opposite
Explain how most organs are duly innervated by the ANS; list the organs/tissues
that receive only sympathetic innervation - correct answer ✔✔Most organs are
duly innervated by the ANS, creating antagonistic, complementary, or cooperative
effects. Organs that are only sympathetically innervated include adrenal medulla,
arrector pilli muscles, sweat glands, most blood vessels
Vagus nerves - correct answer ✔✔Primary route of parasympathetic innervation
for the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestines.
Preganglionic fibers originate in the medulla. Multiple branches synapse with
those ganglionic cells at the terminal ganglia within the target tissues
Describe the three steps associated with perceiving any sense - correct answer
✔✔1. Physical stimulus
complete solutions A+ passed
Explain the organization of an overlap between the peripheral nervous system,
the central nervous system, the autonomic motor system, the somatic motor
system, the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system. -
correct answer ✔✔The peripheral nervous system includes motor (efferent)
systems and sensory (afferent) systems. The autonomic nervous system is part of
the PNS, and includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The
central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS is
made up of the nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS.
Compare and contrast cranial nerves and spinal nerves - correct answer
✔✔Cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain. Spinal nerves emerge from
segments of the spinal cord.
Compare and contrast mixed versus sensory nerves - correct answer ✔✔Mixed
nerves are composed of both sensory and motor fibers. The majority of nerves are
mixed rather than only sensory nerves.
Compare/contrast the two major divisions of the ANS: sympathetic and
parasympathetic - correct answer ✔✔The sympathetic division produces the
"fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic division produces the "rest
and digest" response. Both divisions have preganglionic neurons as well as post
ganglionic neurons. All sympathetic pre-ganglion fibers originate out of the
midsection of the spinal cord, while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers emerge
from either the brainstem or the lowest levels of the spinal cord. The sympathetic
, division has a chain of ganglia that runs close to the spinal cord, while
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers reach out all the way to target issues.
Compare/contrast the neurotransmitters and postsynaptic receptors for
preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) -
correct answer ✔✔Both divisions release acetylcholine from their pre-ganglions
(cholinergic). Sympathetic post ganglionic fibers are nor adrenergic (release
norepinephrine), while parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are cholinergic
(release acetylcholine)
Explain the responses of target tissues due to sympathetic and parasympathetic
innervation - correct answer ✔✔Sympathetic inhibits pupil construction,
salivation, airway constriction, digestion, and intestinal/rectal movement, and
excites heart rate. Parasympathetic does the exact opposite
Explain how most organs are duly innervated by the ANS; list the organs/tissues
that receive only sympathetic innervation - correct answer ✔✔Most organs are
duly innervated by the ANS, creating antagonistic, complementary, or cooperative
effects. Organs that are only sympathetically innervated include adrenal medulla,
arrector pilli muscles, sweat glands, most blood vessels
Vagus nerves - correct answer ✔✔Primary route of parasympathetic innervation
for the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestines.
Preganglionic fibers originate in the medulla. Multiple branches synapse with
those ganglionic cells at the terminal ganglia within the target tissues
Describe the three steps associated with perceiving any sense - correct answer
✔✔1. Physical stimulus
