AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2
Givebmonebmreasonbmwhybmschema'sbmarebmuseful?bm-
bmWhenbmwe'rebminbmunknownbmsituationsbmschemasbmhelpbmusbmknowbmhowbmtobmbehave.bmSobm
whenbmwebmdobmnotbmknowbmwhatbmtobmdobmourbmschemabmfillsbminbmthebmgapsbmforbmusbmandbma
llowbmusbmtobmprocessbmsituationsbmbetter.
Givebmonebmreasonbmwhybmschema'sbmarebmnotbmuseful?bm-
bmschemasbmmaybmexcludebminformationbmwhichbmdoesn'tbmconformbmtobmourbmpriorbmexpectations.
bmAsbmabmresult,bmwebmmaybmformbmstereotypesbmwhichbmarebmdifficultbmtobmshift,bmevenbmifbmnew,
disputingbminformationbmisbmpresented.bmThisbmmeansbmwebmmaybmnotbmbebmprocessingbmthebmworl
dbmaroundbmusbmaccuratelybmandbmmaybmmisjudgebmorbmrepresentbmabmpersonbmorbmsituation.
DiscussbmthebmdefensebmmechanismbmshownbmbybmJed?bm-
bmDisplacementbmisbmwhenbmwebmredirectbmourbmhostilebmfeelingsbmontobmsomethingbmelsebmbecaus
ebmitbmisbmnotbmappropriatebmtobmexpressbmtheirbmfeelingbmtowardsbmthebmpersonbmorbmobjectbminbm
question.bmJedbmcan'tbmtakebmhisbmfrustrationbmoutbmonbmhisbmteacher,bmwhobmissuedbmthebmdetenti
onbmandbmhebmdisplacedbmhisbmfeelingsbmbybmkickingbmthebmlocker.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm
(A01bmBehaviourist)bm-
bmThebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmsuggestsbmthatbmthebmbasicbmprocessesbmthatbmgovernbmlearningbmi
nbmallbmspeciesbmarebmthebmsame.bmWebmlearnbmthroughbmtwobmconcepts:bmoperantbmconditioningbm
andbmclassicalbmconditioning.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(classicalbmconditioning)bm-
bmThebmideabmofbmclassicalbmconditioningbmwasbmdevelopedbmbybmPavlovbmwhobmfoundbmthatbmwebm
learnbmthroughbmassociation.bmHebmfoundbmthatbmitbmwasbmpossiblebmtobmconditionbmdogsbmtobmasso
ciatebmthebmsoundbmofbmabmbellbmwithbmfood.bmThisbmresultedbminbmthebmdogsbmproducingbmabmsaliv
ationbmresponsebmatbmthebmsoundbmofbmabmbellbmevenbmwhenbmnobmfoodbmwasbmpresent.bmPavlovbm
, demonstratedbmthatbmrepeatedbmexposurebmtobmanbmeventbmleadsbmtobmabmlearnedbmandbmuncontrol
lablebmbehaviour.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(operantbmconditioning)bm-
bmSkinnerbmsuggestedbmbehaviourbmresultedbmfrombmlearningbmthroughbmthebmconsequencesbmofbmo
urbmactions.bmHebmconductedbmresearchbmintobmoperantbmconditioningbmtheorybmusingbmrats,bmandbm
foundbmthatbmthreebmtypesbmofbmconsequencesbmwillbmaffectbmbehaviour:bmpositivebmreinforcementb
minvolvesbmrewardingbmabmbehaviour,bmwhichbmincreasesbmitbmbeingbmrepeated;bmnegativebmreinforce
mentbminvolvesbmremovingbmanbmunpleasantbmoutcomebmtobmincreasebmitbmbeingbmrepeated;bmpunis
hmentbminvolvesbmaddingbmanbmunpleasantbmoutcome,reducingbmthebmbehaviour.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(similaritybmtobmbiological)bm-
bmBothbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmandbmbiologicalbmapproachbmsharebmabmsimilaritybminbmbeing
bmdeterminist.bmBothbmignorebmthebminfluencebmthatbmthebmpersonbmcanbmhavebmandbmwhetherbmth
eybmhavebmfreebmwillbmandbmcanbmmakebmtheirbmownbmchoicesbminbmthesebmdecisions.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(difference)bm-
bmHowever,bmtheybmdifferbminbmthatbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmisbmenvironmentallybmdetermini
stbmwhilebmthebmbiologicalbmapproachbmisbmbiologicallybmdeterminist.bmStatingbmthatbmbehaviourbmisb
mthebmproductbmofbminternalbmbiologicalbmfactorsbm(e.g.bmgenes,bmhormones,bmneurotransmitters,bme
tc.)bmwhilebmbehaviouristsbmarguebmthatbmbehaviourbmisbmdeterminedbmbybmthebmenvironmentbmandb
misbmabmproductbmofbmstimulus-responsebmassociations
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproachbm(similarity)bm-
bmBothbmapproachesbmtakebmabmnomotheticbmapproachbmwhenbmstudyingbmhumanbmbehaviour.bmBot
hbminvestigatebmbehaviourbmtobmtrybmtobmcreatebmuniversalbmlawsbmthatbmapplybmtobmallbmhumanbmb
eings.bmBiologistsbmarguebmthatbmthisbmisbmpossiblebmbecausebmhumanbmbeingsbmsharebmsimilarbmphy
siologies,bmandbmbehaviouristsbmarguebmthatbmthisbmisbmpossiblebmbecausebmallbmbehaviourbmisbmtheb
mresultbmofbmlearningbmandbmstimulus-
responsebmassociations.bmTherefore,bmthebmaimbmofbmgeneratingbmuniversalbmlawsbmthatbmapplybmtob
mallbmhumansbmisbmanotherbmsimilaritybmbetweenbmthebmbehaviouristbmandbmbiologicalbmapproaches.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproachbm(naturebm+bmnurture)bm-
bmthebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmandbmbiologicalbmapproachbmarebmdifferentbminbmtheirbmpositionbmo
Givebmonebmreasonbmwhybmschema'sbmarebmuseful?bm-
bmWhenbmwe'rebminbmunknownbmsituationsbmschemasbmhelpbmusbmknowbmhowbmtobmbehave.bmSobm
whenbmwebmdobmnotbmknowbmwhatbmtobmdobmourbmschemabmfillsbminbmthebmgapsbmforbmusbmandbma
llowbmusbmtobmprocessbmsituationsbmbetter.
Givebmonebmreasonbmwhybmschema'sbmarebmnotbmuseful?bm-
bmschemasbmmaybmexcludebminformationbmwhichbmdoesn'tbmconformbmtobmourbmpriorbmexpectations.
bmAsbmabmresult,bmwebmmaybmformbmstereotypesbmwhichbmarebmdifficultbmtobmshift,bmevenbmifbmnew,
disputingbminformationbmisbmpresented.bmThisbmmeansbmwebmmaybmnotbmbebmprocessingbmthebmworl
dbmaroundbmusbmaccuratelybmandbmmaybmmisjudgebmorbmrepresentbmabmpersonbmorbmsituation.
DiscussbmthebmdefensebmmechanismbmshownbmbybmJed?bm-
bmDisplacementbmisbmwhenbmwebmredirectbmourbmhostilebmfeelingsbmontobmsomethingbmelsebmbecaus
ebmitbmisbmnotbmappropriatebmtobmexpressbmtheirbmfeelingbmtowardsbmthebmpersonbmorbmobjectbminbm
question.bmJedbmcan'tbmtakebmhisbmfrustrationbmoutbmonbmhisbmteacher,bmwhobmissuedbmthebmdetenti
onbmandbmhebmdisplacedbmhisbmfeelingsbmbybmkickingbmthebmlocker.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm
(A01bmBehaviourist)bm-
bmThebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmsuggestsbmthatbmthebmbasicbmprocessesbmthatbmgovernbmlearningbmi
nbmallbmspeciesbmarebmthebmsame.bmWebmlearnbmthroughbmtwobmconcepts:bmoperantbmconditioningbm
andbmclassicalbmconditioning.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(classicalbmconditioning)bm-
bmThebmideabmofbmclassicalbmconditioningbmwasbmdevelopedbmbybmPavlovbmwhobmfoundbmthatbmwebm
learnbmthroughbmassociation.bmHebmfoundbmthatbmitbmwasbmpossiblebmtobmconditionbmdogsbmtobmasso
ciatebmthebmsoundbmofbmabmbellbmwithbmfood.bmThisbmresultedbminbmthebmdogsbmproducingbmabmsaliv
ationbmresponsebmatbmthebmsoundbmofbmabmbellbmevenbmwhenbmnobmfoodbmwasbmpresent.bmPavlovbm
, demonstratedbmthatbmrepeatedbmexposurebmtobmanbmeventbmleadsbmtobmabmlearnedbmandbmuncontrol
lablebmbehaviour.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(operantbmconditioning)bm-
bmSkinnerbmsuggestedbmbehaviourbmresultedbmfrombmlearningbmthroughbmthebmconsequencesbmofbmo
urbmactions.bmHebmconductedbmresearchbmintobmoperantbmconditioningbmtheorybmusingbmrats,bmandbm
foundbmthatbmthreebmtypesbmofbmconsequencesbmwillbmaffectbmbehaviour:bmpositivebmreinforcementb
minvolvesbmrewardingbmabmbehaviour,bmwhichbmincreasesbmitbmbeingbmrepeated;bmnegativebmreinforce
mentbminvolvesbmremovingbmanbmunpleasantbmoutcomebmtobmincreasebmitbmbeingbmrepeated;bmpunis
hmentbminvolvesbmaddingbmanbmunpleasantbmoutcome,reducingbmthebmbehaviour.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(similaritybmtobmbiological)bm-
bmBothbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmandbmbiologicalbmapproachbmsharebmabmsimilaritybminbmbeing
bmdeterminist.bmBothbmignorebmthebminfluencebmthatbmthebmpersonbmcanbmhavebmandbmwhetherbmth
eybmhavebmfreebmwillbmandbmcanbmmakebmtheirbmownbmchoicesbminbmthesebmdecisions.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproach,bm(difference)bm-
bmHowever,bmtheybmdifferbminbmthatbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmisbmenvironmentallybmdetermini
stbmwhilebmthebmbiologicalbmapproachbmisbmbiologicallybmdeterminist.bmStatingbmthatbmbehaviourbmisb
mthebmproductbmofbminternalbmbiologicalbmfactorsbm(e.g.bmgenes,bmhormones,bmneurotransmitters,bme
tc.)bmwhilebmbehaviouristsbmarguebmthatbmbehaviourbmisbmdeterminedbmbybmthebmenvironmentbmandb
misbmabmproductbmofbmstimulus-responsebmassociations
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproachbm(similarity)bm-
bmBothbmapproachesbmtakebmabmnomotheticbmapproachbmwhenbmstudyingbmhumanbmbehaviour.bmBot
hbminvestigatebmbehaviourbmtobmtrybmtobmcreatebmuniversalbmlawsbmthatbmapplybmtobmallbmhumanbmb
eings.bmBiologistsbmarguebmthatbmthisbmisbmpossiblebmbecausebmhumanbmbeingsbmsharebmsimilarbmphy
siologies,bmandbmbehaviouristsbmarguebmthatbmthisbmisbmpossiblebmbecausebmallbmbehaviourbmisbmtheb
mresultbmofbmlearningbmandbmstimulus-
responsebmassociations.bmTherefore,bmthebmaimbmofbmgeneratingbmuniversalbmlawsbmthatbmapplybmtob
mallbmhumansbmisbmanotherbmsimilaritybmbetweenbmthebmbehaviouristbmandbmbiologicalbmapproaches.
Outlinebmthebmkeybmfeaturesbmofbmthebmbehaviouristbmapproach.bmComparebmtobmthebmbiologicalbma
pproachbm(naturebm+bmnurture)bm-
bmthebmbehaviouristbmapproachbmandbmbiologicalbmapproachbmarebmdifferentbminbmtheirbmpositionbmo