DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
MIDTEM QUESTIONS WITH
100%VERIFIED ANSWERS
4 layers of grid computing - ✔✔1. Fabric layer- provides interfaces to local resources
2. Connectivity layer- consists of communication protocols for supporting grid transactions
that span the usage of multiple resources
3. Resource layer- manages a single resource
4. Collective layer- handles access to multiple resources and typically consists of allocation
and scheduling of tasks
5. Application layer- consists of the applications that operated within a virtual organization
Cloud computing - ✔✔Where an application doesn't access resources it needs directly, it
goes through a 'service'
4 layers of cloud - ✔✔1. Hardware- CPU, memory
2. Infrastructure- storage
3. Platform- java, python
4. Application- web services
Services provided by the cloud - ✔✔1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS)- covers the
hardware and infrastructure layer
2. Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS)- covers the platform layer
3. Software-as-a-Service(IaaS)- applications are covered
Ubiquitous computing - ✔✔Type of pervasive system, the user continuously interacts with
the system without being aware of doing so. Characteristics are:
* Distribution: nodes are autonomous components giving the illusion of a single system
, * Interaction: interactions and changes are remembered by the system in order to make informed
decisions
* Context awareness: analyzes location, identity, time and activity, abstracting information
for applications
* Autonomy: no room for a system administrator
** Address allocation: IP address
** Adding devices: devices can discover and communicate with one another
** Automatic updates
* Intelligence: AI handle incomplete input, quickly react to changing environment and
handle unexpected events
Mobile computing - ✔✔Not just phones and tablets, many devices are using internet
protocol(IP) to communicate, wireless communication because the location of devices is
assumed to change over time
Sensor networks - ✔✔Collaborate to efficiently process the sensed data in an application
specific manner, have limited resources, restricted communication capability and constrained
power consumption. Computation may be restricted to a single or a group of nodes. May
affect all nodes
Layered - ✔✔Type of architecture , 3 categories
* Pure layered organization
** All communication calls are made from a higher level to the next lower level
* Mixed layer organization
** Calls are still down calls, but could be simultaneously from a higher layer to a lower
layer that may not be the next lower layer
* Layered organization with up calls
** Rare, but a request from a lower layer to the next layer right above it
Object and Service Oriented - ✔✔* Objects correspond to what has been defined as a
component. These components are connected through a procedure call mechanism, important
MIDTEM QUESTIONS WITH
100%VERIFIED ANSWERS
4 layers of grid computing - ✔✔1. Fabric layer- provides interfaces to local resources
2. Connectivity layer- consists of communication protocols for supporting grid transactions
that span the usage of multiple resources
3. Resource layer- manages a single resource
4. Collective layer- handles access to multiple resources and typically consists of allocation
and scheduling of tasks
5. Application layer- consists of the applications that operated within a virtual organization
Cloud computing - ✔✔Where an application doesn't access resources it needs directly, it
goes through a 'service'
4 layers of cloud - ✔✔1. Hardware- CPU, memory
2. Infrastructure- storage
3. Platform- java, python
4. Application- web services
Services provided by the cloud - ✔✔1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS)- covers the
hardware and infrastructure layer
2. Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS)- covers the platform layer
3. Software-as-a-Service(IaaS)- applications are covered
Ubiquitous computing - ✔✔Type of pervasive system, the user continuously interacts with
the system without being aware of doing so. Characteristics are:
* Distribution: nodes are autonomous components giving the illusion of a single system
, * Interaction: interactions and changes are remembered by the system in order to make informed
decisions
* Context awareness: analyzes location, identity, time and activity, abstracting information
for applications
* Autonomy: no room for a system administrator
** Address allocation: IP address
** Adding devices: devices can discover and communicate with one another
** Automatic updates
* Intelligence: AI handle incomplete input, quickly react to changing environment and
handle unexpected events
Mobile computing - ✔✔Not just phones and tablets, many devices are using internet
protocol(IP) to communicate, wireless communication because the location of devices is
assumed to change over time
Sensor networks - ✔✔Collaborate to efficiently process the sensed data in an application
specific manner, have limited resources, restricted communication capability and constrained
power consumption. Computation may be restricted to a single or a group of nodes. May
affect all nodes
Layered - ✔✔Type of architecture , 3 categories
* Pure layered organization
** All communication calls are made from a higher level to the next lower level
* Mixed layer organization
** Calls are still down calls, but could be simultaneously from a higher layer to a lower
layer that may not be the next lower layer
* Layered organization with up calls
** Rare, but a request from a lower layer to the next layer right above it
Object and Service Oriented - ✔✔* Objects correspond to what has been defined as a
component. These components are connected through a procedure call mechanism, important
