1. Which change is an example of metaplasia?
A. Cardiac myocyte enlargement in hypertension
B. Barrett esophagus (squamous→columnar) in
GERD
C. Adipocyte hypertrophy in obesity
D. Fatty change in the liver from alcohol
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one
adult cell type is replaced by another better able to tolerate
stress; in Barrett esophagus, squamous epithelium
becomes columnar.
2. Persistent dysplasia is best described as:
A. Reversible cell injury
B. Premalignant change in tissue architecture
C. Expansion in cell size only
D. Accumulation of lipid in cells
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia denotes disordered cellular growth
and is often premalignant if it persists.
3. Which of the following is least likely to cause
coagulative necrosis?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Renal infarction
C. Thermal burn
D. Bacterial abscess in brain
Answer: D
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is typical of ischemic
,death in solid organs; liquefactive necrosis (abscess)
dominates in the brain.
4. Hypertrophy differs from hyperplasia in that
hypertrophy:
A. Involves increased cell number
B. Occurs only in cardiac muscle
C. Involves increased cell size
D. Is always pathologic
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy = ↑ cell size; hyperplasia = ↑ cell
number.
5. Which signaling is endocrine?
A. Local secretion affecting only the releasing cell
B. Secretion into bloodstream to distant target
C. Neurotransmitter release in synaptic cleft
D. Direct contact via gap junctions
Answer: B
Rationale: Endocrine signaling uses hormones carried by
blood to affect distant cells.
6. All of the following are reversible cell injuries
except:
A. Cellular swelling with blebbing
B. Fatty change in hepatocytes
C. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening
D. Ribosomal detachment from the ER
, Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondrial permeability transition leads to
irreversible injury and cell death.
Module 2: Inflammation & Repair (Questions 7–13)
7. The first leukocyte to arrive in acute inflammation
is the:
A. Monocyte
B. Lymphocyte
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the predominant early
responders in acute inflammation.
8. Which mediator causes vasodilation and
increased permeability?
A. Interferon-γ
B. Histamine
C. Transforming growth factor-β
D. Nitric oxide only
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine from mast cells causes rapid
vasodilation and ↑ vascular permeability.
9. Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by:
A. Fibrinous exudate only
B. Sheets of neutrophils
A. Cardiac myocyte enlargement in hypertension
B. Barrett esophagus (squamous→columnar) in
GERD
C. Adipocyte hypertrophy in obesity
D. Fatty change in the liver from alcohol
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one
adult cell type is replaced by another better able to tolerate
stress; in Barrett esophagus, squamous epithelium
becomes columnar.
2. Persistent dysplasia is best described as:
A. Reversible cell injury
B. Premalignant change in tissue architecture
C. Expansion in cell size only
D. Accumulation of lipid in cells
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia denotes disordered cellular growth
and is often premalignant if it persists.
3. Which of the following is least likely to cause
coagulative necrosis?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Renal infarction
C. Thermal burn
D. Bacterial abscess in brain
Answer: D
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is typical of ischemic
,death in solid organs; liquefactive necrosis (abscess)
dominates in the brain.
4. Hypertrophy differs from hyperplasia in that
hypertrophy:
A. Involves increased cell number
B. Occurs only in cardiac muscle
C. Involves increased cell size
D. Is always pathologic
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy = ↑ cell size; hyperplasia = ↑ cell
number.
5. Which signaling is endocrine?
A. Local secretion affecting only the releasing cell
B. Secretion into bloodstream to distant target
C. Neurotransmitter release in synaptic cleft
D. Direct contact via gap junctions
Answer: B
Rationale: Endocrine signaling uses hormones carried by
blood to affect distant cells.
6. All of the following are reversible cell injuries
except:
A. Cellular swelling with blebbing
B. Fatty change in hepatocytes
C. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening
D. Ribosomal detachment from the ER
, Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondrial permeability transition leads to
irreversible injury and cell death.
Module 2: Inflammation & Repair (Questions 7–13)
7. The first leukocyte to arrive in acute inflammation
is the:
A. Monocyte
B. Lymphocyte
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the predominant early
responders in acute inflammation.
8. Which mediator causes vasodilation and
increased permeability?
A. Interferon-γ
B. Histamine
C. Transforming growth factor-β
D. Nitric oxide only
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine from mast cells causes rapid
vasodilation and ↑ vascular permeability.
9. Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by:
A. Fibrinous exudate only
B. Sheets of neutrophils
