AQA PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 PAST
PAPER QUESTIONS
(Juneas2022)as1.asDescribeaspsychosexualasstagesasasasoutlinedasinastheaspsychodynamicasapproach.as[6as
marks]as-asanswers--Possibleascontent:as
•asthereasareas5asdevelopmentalasstagesas(oral,asanal,asphallic,aslatencyasandasgenital)as
•asoralas(0-1yr)as-
asfocusasofaspleasureasisastheasmouthasandastheasmother'sasbreastasisastheasfocusasofasdesireas
•asanalas(1-3yrs)as-
asfocusasofaspleasureasisastheasanusasandaschildasfocusesasonaswithholdingasandasexpellingasfaecesas
•asphallicas(3-5yrs)as-asfocusasofaspleasureasisasgenitalsasandaschildrenasexperienceastheasOedipus/
Electraascomplexas
•aslatencyas(6-12yrs)as-aspreviousasconflictsasareasresolved/
repressedasandasearlyasyearsasareaslargelyasforgottenas
•asgenitalas(12yrs/puberty-adulthood)as-
assexualasdesiresasbecomeasconsciousaswithastheasonsetasofaspubertyas
Creditasotherasrelevantasmaterial,asegasfixation.asNote:asnotasallasstagesasneedastoasbeasdescribedasforasfu
llasmarksastoasbeasawarded.
(Juneas2022)as2.Atasaaslocalasschool,asteachersastookaspartasinasActiveasLifestyleasWeekastoasencourageass
tudentsastoasbecomeasmoreasactive.asTheasweekasinvolvedasdailyasstaffasnetballasmatchesasduringasbreak
timesasandasaasstepascountaschallenge.asTwoasofastheasteachersaswereastalkingasatastheasendasofastheaswe
ek.asMissasHoneyassaid,as"Thataswasassuchasaasgreatasweek!
asIasfeltasproudastoaswinastheasstaffasstepascountaschallengeasandasreceiveastheasmedalasinasassemblyasand
asdemonstrateastheasjoyasofassport.asMyasstudentsaslovedaswatchingasusascompete,asIasreallyasthinkasitasw
,illasinspireasthemastoasbeasmoreasactiveasthemselves!"asMrsasWilsonasreplied,as"It'sasalrightasforasyou,asyo
u'reasyoungasandastheasstudentsaslikeasyou.asMyasstudentsaswereassoasembarrassedastoasseeasmeastrippin
gasoverasinasnetball.asIasthinkasIasmayashaveasputasthemasoffassportasforever!"as
Apartasfromasmediationalasprocesses,asuseasyourasknowledgeasofassocialaslearningastheoryastoasexplainas
MissasHoney'sasandasMrsasWilson'sascomments.as[6asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontentas(BandedasQ):as
•asobservationalaslearningas-
asbothasteachers'ascommentsassuggestasthatastheyasbelieveastheirasbehaviouraswillasinfluenceastheirasstud
ents'asbehaviour,aseg,asMissasHoneyassays,as"Iasthinkasitaswillasinspireasthemastoasbeasmoreasactiveasthem
selves!".as
•asimitationas-asMrsasWilsonasdoesasnotasfeelasstudentsaswillaswantastoasimitateasheras-
as"IasthinkasIasmayashaveasputasthemasoffassportasforever!",aswhereasasMissasHoneyasfeelsasstudentsaswilla
swantastoasimitateasheras-as"Iasreallyasthinkasitaswillasinspireasthemastoasbeasmoreasactiveasthemselves!"as
•asmodellingas-
astheasteachersaswillasactasasasroleasmodelsasforastheirasstudentsasasastheyashaveashigherasstatusasinasscho
olas
•asidentificationas-
asstudentsasareasmoreaslikelyastoasidentifyaswithasMissasHoneyas(thanasMrsasWilson)asasasMrsasWilsonassa
idastoasMissasHoney,as"you'reasyoungasandastheasstudentsaslikeasyou".as
•asvicariousasreinforcementas-
aswhenasstudentsasseeasMissasHoneyasrewardedasforasadoptingasaasmoreasactiveaslifestyle,aseg,asMissasHo
neyassays,as"Iasfeltasproudastoaswinastheasstaffasstepascountaschallengeasandasreceiveastheasmedalasinasass
embly".asWhenasstudentsasseeasMrsasWilsonas"trippingasover"asinasnetballastheyaswillasnotaswantastoasimi
tateasherasandassoaswillasnotasadoptasaasmoreasactiveaslifestyle.
(Juneas2022)as3.asWhetherasorasnotasstudentsaslearnastoasbeasmoreasactiveasboxascouldasdependasonasme
diationalasprocesses.asExplainashowasmediationalasprocessesasmightasbeasinvolvedasinastheasstudentsasbe
comingasmoreasactive.as[4asmarks]as-asanswers--Possibleascontent:as
•asattentionas-
asstudentsaswillasnoticeastheirasteachersasdemonstratingasaasmoreasactiveaslifestyle,asegascompetingasinass
taffasnetballasmatchesasduringasbreaktime/
MissasHoneyasreceivingastheasmedalasforastheasstepascountaschallengeasinasassembly/
MrsasWilsonasfallingasover,asetcas
•asretentionas-
asstudents'asmemoriesaswillasbeasstrengthenedasthroughasseeingasrepetitionasofastheasactivities,asegasdail
yasnetballasmatchesasand/orasemotional/funnyasevent,asegasMrsasWilsonastrippingasoverasinasnetballas
,•asreproductionas-
astheasactiveasbehavioursasbeingasmodelledascanasbeasreproducedasbyastheasstudents,asegasstepascountasc
hallengeasisasaassimpleasactivityasthatasdoesasnotasrequireasinaccessibleasequipment/
fitnessastoasbeasableastoasperformas
•asmotivationas-
asstudentsasareasmoreaslikelyastoasadoptastheasdemonstratedasactiveaslifestyleasifastheasperceivedasreward
sas(egaswinningastheasst
(Juneas2022)as7.asDescribeastheasdivisionsasofastheasnervousassystemasboxas.as[6asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontent:as
•astheasnervousassystemasisasdividedasintoastheascentralasandasperipheralasnervousassystemsas
•astheasCNSascomprisesastheasbrainasandasspinalascordas
•astheasperipheralasnervousassystemasisasfurtherasdividedasintoastheassomaticasnervousassystemasandasth
easautonomicasnervousassystemas(ANS)as
•astheassomaticasnervousassystemasconsistsasofassensoryasandasmotorasneuronsastoascarryassensoryasanda
smotorasinformationastoasandasfromastheasCNSasandasalsoasenablesasreflexasactionsas
•astheasANSasactsaslargelyasunconsciously/involuntaryas
•astheasANSasisasdividedasintoastheassympatheticasnervousassystemas(SNS)asandastheasparasympatheticasn
ervousassystemas(PNS)as
•astheasSNSaspreparesasusasforasflightasorasfightas
•astheasPNSasbalancesastheassympatheticasnervousassystemasprovidingas'restasandasdigest'asfunctions.
(Juneas2022)asRMasSTEM:asAascontrolledasobservationaswasasdesignedastoascompareastheassocialasbehavi
oursasofaspre-schoolaschildrenasofasworkingasparentsasandaspre-schoolaschildrenasofasstay-at-
homeasparents.asTheassampleasconsistedasofas100aschildrenasagedasthree,aswhoaswereasobservedassepara
tely.asHalfasofastheaschildrenashadasworkingasparentsasandastheasotherashalfashadasstay-at-
homeasparents.asTheasobservationastookasplaceasinasaasroomaswhichaslookedaslikeasaasnursery,aswithasaasv
arietyasofastoysasavailable.asInastheasroom,asthereaswereasfouraschildrenasandasoneassupervisingasadult.asT
heirasbehaviouraswasasnotasrecorded.asEachaschildasparticipantaswasasbroughtasintoastheasroomasandasse
ttledasbyastheirasparent.asTheasparentasthenasleftastoassitasoutside.asEachaschildasparticipant'sasbehavioura
swasasobservedascovertlyasforasfiveasminutesaswhileastheyasplayedasinastheasroom.asTheasobservationaswa
sasconductedasinasaascontrolledasenvironmentasandasaasstandardisedasscriptaswasasusedaswhenastheaschil
drenasandastheirasparentsasarrived.as-asanswers--UseastheasstemastoasanswerastheasQuestions!
(Juneas2022)as9.asExplainaswhyastheasresearcherasusedasaascontrolledasobservationasandasaasstandardised
asscriptasinasthisasstudy.as[4asmarks]as-asanswers--Possibleascontent:as
, •asaasstandardisedasscriptaswouldasensureastheassameasgreetingaswasasgivenastoastheaschildrenasandasthei
rasparentsaswhenastheyasarrived,asprovidingasaashighaslevelasofascontrolas
•aswithoutasusingasaasstandardisedasscript,astheasresearcher'saswelcomeasmayasvaryascausingasunintentio
nalasbias,asegasmayasuseasmoreaschild-
friendlyasvocabularyaswhichasmayasmakeastheaschildaslessasanxiousasandasthusasmoreassociable,asetcas
•asusingasaascontrolledasobservationashelpsastoasreduceasextraneousasvariablesaswhichasmayashaveasanasi
mpactasonastheassocialasbehaviourasofastheaschildren,asaffectingastheasvalidityasofastheasstudy.
(Juneas2022)as11.asTheasresearcherasusedastwoastrainedasobserversastoasrecordastheassocialasbehavioursas
ofaseachaschildasboxasduringastheasobservation.as
GiveasTWOasbehaviouralascategoriesasthatastheasobserversascouldashaveasusedasinastheasobservationastoas
assessastheaspre-
schoolaschildren'sassocialasbehaviour.asExplainaswhyasyouraschosenascategoriesasareasappropriate.as[4asm
arks]as-asanswers--Possibleasbehaviouralascategories:as
•aschildassmilesasatasanotheraschildas
•aschildassharesastoysas
•aschildastalksastoasanotheraschildas
•aschildassnatchesasaastoyasfromasanotheraschild.
Possibleaspoints:as
•asbehaviouralascategoriesasareasappropriateasbecauseastheyasfocusasonassocialasbehaviours/
areasobjective/visible/mutuallyasexclusive/notasambiguous/notasoverlapping
(Juneas2022)as10.asIdentifyasONEaslimitationasofascontrolledasobservationsas[1asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontent:as
•astheyaslackasecologicalasvalidity/cannotasbeasappliedastoaseverydayaslife/lessasnaturalasbehaviouras
•aseffectsasofasdemandascharacteristicsasareasmoreaslikelyas(Hawthorneaseffect).
(Juneas2022)as12.asDescribeashowastheasobserversascouldasuseastimeassamplingastoasrecordastheassocialas
behaviourasofaseachaschildasduringastheasfive-minuteasperiod.as[4asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontent:as
•asrecordastheaschild'sasbehaviourasatassetastimeasintervalsasduringastheasfive-
minuteasperiod,asegaseveryas20assecondsas
PAPER QUESTIONS
(Juneas2022)as1.asDescribeaspsychosexualasstagesasasasoutlinedasinastheaspsychodynamicasapproach.as[6as
marks]as-asanswers--Possibleascontent:as
•asthereasareas5asdevelopmentalasstagesas(oral,asanal,asphallic,aslatencyasandasgenital)as
•asoralas(0-1yr)as-
asfocusasofaspleasureasisastheasmouthasandastheasmother'sasbreastasisastheasfocusasofasdesireas
•asanalas(1-3yrs)as-
asfocusasofaspleasureasisastheasanusasandaschildasfocusesasonaswithholdingasandasexpellingasfaecesas
•asphallicas(3-5yrs)as-asfocusasofaspleasureasisasgenitalsasandaschildrenasexperienceastheasOedipus/
Electraascomplexas
•aslatencyas(6-12yrs)as-aspreviousasconflictsasareasresolved/
repressedasandasearlyasyearsasareaslargelyasforgottenas
•asgenitalas(12yrs/puberty-adulthood)as-
assexualasdesiresasbecomeasconsciousaswithastheasonsetasofaspubertyas
Creditasotherasrelevantasmaterial,asegasfixation.asNote:asnotasallasstagesasneedastoasbeasdescribedasforasfu
llasmarksastoasbeasawarded.
(Juneas2022)as2.Atasaaslocalasschool,asteachersastookaspartasinasActiveasLifestyleasWeekastoasencourageass
tudentsastoasbecomeasmoreasactive.asTheasweekasinvolvedasdailyasstaffasnetballasmatchesasduringasbreak
timesasandasaasstepascountaschallenge.asTwoasofastheasteachersaswereastalkingasatastheasendasofastheaswe
ek.asMissasHoneyassaid,as"Thataswasassuchasaasgreatasweek!
asIasfeltasproudastoaswinastheasstaffasstepascountaschallengeasandasreceiveastheasmedalasinasassemblyasand
asdemonstrateastheasjoyasofassport.asMyasstudentsaslovedaswatchingasusascompete,asIasreallyasthinkasitasw
,illasinspireasthemastoasbeasmoreasactiveasthemselves!"asMrsasWilsonasreplied,as"It'sasalrightasforasyou,asyo
u'reasyoungasandastheasstudentsaslikeasyou.asMyasstudentsaswereassoasembarrassedastoasseeasmeastrippin
gasoverasinasnetball.asIasthinkasIasmayashaveasputasthemasoffassportasforever!"as
Apartasfromasmediationalasprocesses,asuseasyourasknowledgeasofassocialaslearningastheoryastoasexplainas
MissasHoney'sasandasMrsasWilson'sascomments.as[6asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontentas(BandedasQ):as
•asobservationalaslearningas-
asbothasteachers'ascommentsassuggestasthatastheyasbelieveastheirasbehaviouraswillasinfluenceastheirasstud
ents'asbehaviour,aseg,asMissasHoneyassays,as"Iasthinkasitaswillasinspireasthemastoasbeasmoreasactiveasthem
selves!".as
•asimitationas-asMrsasWilsonasdoesasnotasfeelasstudentsaswillaswantastoasimitateasheras-
as"IasthinkasIasmayashaveasputasthemasoffassportasforever!",aswhereasasMissasHoneyasfeelsasstudentsaswilla
swantastoasimitateasheras-as"Iasreallyasthinkasitaswillasinspireasthemastoasbeasmoreasactiveasthemselves!"as
•asmodellingas-
astheasteachersaswillasactasasasroleasmodelsasforastheirasstudentsasasastheyashaveashigherasstatusasinasscho
olas
•asidentificationas-
asstudentsasareasmoreaslikelyastoasidentifyaswithasMissasHoneyas(thanasMrsasWilson)asasasMrsasWilsonassa
idastoasMissasHoney,as"you'reasyoungasandastheasstudentsaslikeasyou".as
•asvicariousasreinforcementas-
aswhenasstudentsasseeasMissasHoneyasrewardedasforasadoptingasaasmoreasactiveaslifestyle,aseg,asMissasHo
neyassays,as"Iasfeltasproudastoaswinastheasstaffasstepascountaschallengeasandasreceiveastheasmedalasinasass
embly".asWhenasstudentsasseeasMrsasWilsonas"trippingasover"asinasnetballastheyaswillasnotaswantastoasimi
tateasherasandassoaswillasnotasadoptasaasmoreasactiveaslifestyle.
(Juneas2022)as3.asWhetherasorasnotasstudentsaslearnastoasbeasmoreasactiveasboxascouldasdependasonasme
diationalasprocesses.asExplainashowasmediationalasprocessesasmightasbeasinvolvedasinastheasstudentsasbe
comingasmoreasactive.as[4asmarks]as-asanswers--Possibleascontent:as
•asattentionas-
asstudentsaswillasnoticeastheirasteachersasdemonstratingasaasmoreasactiveaslifestyle,asegascompetingasinass
taffasnetballasmatchesasduringasbreaktime/
MissasHoneyasreceivingastheasmedalasforastheasstepascountaschallengeasinasassembly/
MrsasWilsonasfallingasover,asetcas
•asretentionas-
asstudents'asmemoriesaswillasbeasstrengthenedasthroughasseeingasrepetitionasofastheasactivities,asegasdail
yasnetballasmatchesasand/orasemotional/funnyasevent,asegasMrsasWilsonastrippingasoverasinasnetballas
,•asreproductionas-
astheasactiveasbehavioursasbeingasmodelledascanasbeasreproducedasbyastheasstudents,asegasstepascountasc
hallengeasisasaassimpleasactivityasthatasdoesasnotasrequireasinaccessibleasequipment/
fitnessastoasbeasableastoasperformas
•asmotivationas-
asstudentsasareasmoreaslikelyastoasadoptastheasdemonstratedasactiveaslifestyleasifastheasperceivedasreward
sas(egaswinningastheasst
(Juneas2022)as7.asDescribeastheasdivisionsasofastheasnervousassystemasboxas.as[6asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontent:as
•astheasnervousassystemasisasdividedasintoastheascentralasandasperipheralasnervousassystemsas
•astheasCNSascomprisesastheasbrainasandasspinalascordas
•astheasperipheralasnervousassystemasisasfurtherasdividedasintoastheassomaticasnervousassystemasandasth
easautonomicasnervousassystemas(ANS)as
•astheassomaticasnervousassystemasconsistsasofassensoryasandasmotorasneuronsastoascarryassensoryasanda
smotorasinformationastoasandasfromastheasCNSasandasalsoasenablesasreflexasactionsas
•astheasANSasactsaslargelyasunconsciously/involuntaryas
•astheasANSasisasdividedasintoastheassympatheticasnervousassystemas(SNS)asandastheasparasympatheticasn
ervousassystemas(PNS)as
•astheasSNSaspreparesasusasforasflightasorasfightas
•astheasPNSasbalancesastheassympatheticasnervousassystemasprovidingas'restasandasdigest'asfunctions.
(Juneas2022)asRMasSTEM:asAascontrolledasobservationaswasasdesignedastoascompareastheassocialasbehavi
oursasofaspre-schoolaschildrenasofasworkingasparentsasandaspre-schoolaschildrenasofasstay-at-
homeasparents.asTheassampleasconsistedasofas100aschildrenasagedasthree,aswhoaswereasobservedassepara
tely.asHalfasofastheaschildrenashadasworkingasparentsasandastheasotherashalfashadasstay-at-
homeasparents.asTheasobservationastookasplaceasinasaasroomaswhichaslookedaslikeasaasnursery,aswithasaasv
arietyasofastoysasavailable.asInastheasroom,asthereaswereasfouraschildrenasandasoneassupervisingasadult.asT
heirasbehaviouraswasasnotasrecorded.asEachaschildasparticipantaswasasbroughtasintoastheasroomasandasse
ttledasbyastheirasparent.asTheasparentasthenasleftastoassitasoutside.asEachaschildasparticipant'sasbehavioura
swasasobservedascovertlyasforasfiveasminutesaswhileastheyasplayedasinastheasroom.asTheasobservationaswa
sasconductedasinasaascontrolledasenvironmentasandasaasstandardisedasscriptaswasasusedaswhenastheaschil
drenasandastheirasparentsasarrived.as-asanswers--UseastheasstemastoasanswerastheasQuestions!
(Juneas2022)as9.asExplainaswhyastheasresearcherasusedasaascontrolledasobservationasandasaasstandardised
asscriptasinasthisasstudy.as[4asmarks]as-asanswers--Possibleascontent:as
, •asaasstandardisedasscriptaswouldasensureastheassameasgreetingaswasasgivenastoastheaschildrenasandasthei
rasparentsaswhenastheyasarrived,asprovidingasaashighaslevelasofascontrolas
•aswithoutasusingasaasstandardisedasscript,astheasresearcher'saswelcomeasmayasvaryascausingasunintentio
nalasbias,asegasmayasuseasmoreaschild-
friendlyasvocabularyaswhichasmayasmakeastheaschildaslessasanxiousasandasthusasmoreassociable,asetcas
•asusingasaascontrolledasobservationashelpsastoasreduceasextraneousasvariablesaswhichasmayashaveasanasi
mpactasonastheassocialasbehaviourasofastheaschildren,asaffectingastheasvalidityasofastheasstudy.
(Juneas2022)as11.asTheasresearcherasusedastwoastrainedasobserversastoasrecordastheassocialasbehavioursas
ofaseachaschildasboxasduringastheasobservation.as
GiveasTWOasbehaviouralascategoriesasthatastheasobserversascouldashaveasusedasinastheasobservationastoas
assessastheaspre-
schoolaschildren'sassocialasbehaviour.asExplainaswhyasyouraschosenascategoriesasareasappropriate.as[4asm
arks]as-asanswers--Possibleasbehaviouralascategories:as
•aschildassmilesasatasanotheraschildas
•aschildassharesastoysas
•aschildastalksastoasanotheraschildas
•aschildassnatchesasaastoyasfromasanotheraschild.
Possibleaspoints:as
•asbehaviouralascategoriesasareasappropriateasbecauseastheyasfocusasonassocialasbehaviours/
areasobjective/visible/mutuallyasexclusive/notasambiguous/notasoverlapping
(Juneas2022)as10.asIdentifyasONEaslimitationasofascontrolledasobservationsas[1asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontent:as
•astheyaslackasecologicalasvalidity/cannotasbeasappliedastoaseverydayaslife/lessasnaturalasbehaviouras
•aseffectsasofasdemandascharacteristicsasareasmoreaslikelyas(Hawthorneaseffect).
(Juneas2022)as12.asDescribeashowastheasobserversascouldasuseastimeassamplingastoasrecordastheassocialas
behaviourasofaseachaschildasduringastheasfive-minuteasperiod.as[4asmarks]as-asanswers--
Possibleascontent:as
•asrecordastheaschild'sasbehaviourasatassetastimeasintervalsasduringastheasfive-
minuteasperiod,asegaseveryas20assecondsas
