PNB 2250 Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers Fully Solved
Allen's Rule - Answers animals shape minimize heat loss in cold climate and heat gain in warm climate
example of allen's rule - Answers arm length longer in tropical climate (related to cartilage growth)
bergmann's rule - Answers larger species found in colder climates (no longer accepted)
example of bergmann's rule - Answers inuits who live at the pole are heavier than inuits who live closer
to the equator
isometric growth - Answers change in size without change in proportion
mathematical relationship to isometric growth - Answers doubling in length = surface area increases 4x
volume increases 8x (2-4-8)
allometric scaling - Answers 33% increase in length = 66% increase in surface area = 100% increase in
volume (1-2-3)
Animals scale ___ - Answers allometrically
kleiber's law - Answers metabolism scales inversely with size (as animal gets bigger, cells consume O2 at
a lower rate)
symmorphosis - Answers structures are formed so as to meet but not exceed max requirement
What becomes harder as an animal gets bigger? - Answers diffusion
fractals - Answers a repeating structural pattern a smaller and smaller scales (circulation or lung
structure)
what is used in large animals when diffusion is difficult? - Answers fractal geometry
independent factors to changes in volume - Answers 1) size/number of RBCs
2) body temperature
3) muscle tension
4) rate of muscle contraction
5) plasma protein content
dependent factors to changes in volume - Answers *directly proportional (1:1)*
1) heart size
,2) lung size
3) blood volume
4) muscle mass
5) skeletal mass
as animal species get bigger: - Answers 1) metabolic rate decreases
2) heart rate decreases
3) cell size doesn't change
4) live longer
very small cells cannot ___ - Answers form proper spindle
very large cells cannot ___ - Answers coordinate cell division
1 g of harvest mouse muscle consumes O2 at ___-fold the rate of 1 g of elephant muscle - Answers 100
skeleton theory - Answers animals must increase allometrically because loads would otherwise increase
more than the ability of the skeleton to withstand such loads
transport theory - Answers allometric to minimize the energy cost of transporting essential materials to
where they are needed; dependent on fractal geometry
stimulus - Answers carries information and energy
negative feedback system - Answers 1) limits change in physiological process
2) most common
positive control system - Answers 1) accelerates change in physiological process
2) uncontrollable
3) found in clotting and reproduction
homeostasis is based on what types of cells - Answers neuronal and endocrine
neurons - Answers capable of electrical current flows across membrane
endocrine cells - Answers release of chemical messengers into blood
regulated critical factors - Answers - temp, pH, amount of O2
- can cause rapid death
, regulated less critical factors - Answers - blood levels of nutrients, ions
- won't cause rapid death
fundamental components of endocrine signaling - Answers - regulated secretion into extracellular fluid
- movement into blood, circulation through body (slower time frame, longer lasting effects)
- diffusion toward target cell, recognition event
types of signaling systems - Answers 1) endocrine - inner secretion (sensory - afferent (into) CNS input -
efferent (out of) response)
2) exocrine - outer secretion to hollow organs, surface
3) paracrine - secretion to neighbors
4) autocrine - secretion to oneself
negative feedback loop mechanism - Answers 1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) physiological change
4) decreased secretion of hormone A
positive feedback loop mechanism - Answers *ovulation in females*
1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) increased secretion of hormone A and increased of hormone A receptors
dendrite - Answers 1) branched or single membrane process
2) smaller spines
3) ligand and voltage gated channels
*4) information input*
cell body - Answers 1) prominent nucleus
2) golgi with many mitochondria
3) nissl bodies (rER, extensive protein synthesis, cellular visualization)
axons - Answers 1) single or branched
Allen's Rule - Answers animals shape minimize heat loss in cold climate and heat gain in warm climate
example of allen's rule - Answers arm length longer in tropical climate (related to cartilage growth)
bergmann's rule - Answers larger species found in colder climates (no longer accepted)
example of bergmann's rule - Answers inuits who live at the pole are heavier than inuits who live closer
to the equator
isometric growth - Answers change in size without change in proportion
mathematical relationship to isometric growth - Answers doubling in length = surface area increases 4x
volume increases 8x (2-4-8)
allometric scaling - Answers 33% increase in length = 66% increase in surface area = 100% increase in
volume (1-2-3)
Animals scale ___ - Answers allometrically
kleiber's law - Answers metabolism scales inversely with size (as animal gets bigger, cells consume O2 at
a lower rate)
symmorphosis - Answers structures are formed so as to meet but not exceed max requirement
What becomes harder as an animal gets bigger? - Answers diffusion
fractals - Answers a repeating structural pattern a smaller and smaller scales (circulation or lung
structure)
what is used in large animals when diffusion is difficult? - Answers fractal geometry
independent factors to changes in volume - Answers 1) size/number of RBCs
2) body temperature
3) muscle tension
4) rate of muscle contraction
5) plasma protein content
dependent factors to changes in volume - Answers *directly proportional (1:1)*
1) heart size
,2) lung size
3) blood volume
4) muscle mass
5) skeletal mass
as animal species get bigger: - Answers 1) metabolic rate decreases
2) heart rate decreases
3) cell size doesn't change
4) live longer
very small cells cannot ___ - Answers form proper spindle
very large cells cannot ___ - Answers coordinate cell division
1 g of harvest mouse muscle consumes O2 at ___-fold the rate of 1 g of elephant muscle - Answers 100
skeleton theory - Answers animals must increase allometrically because loads would otherwise increase
more than the ability of the skeleton to withstand such loads
transport theory - Answers allometric to minimize the energy cost of transporting essential materials to
where they are needed; dependent on fractal geometry
stimulus - Answers carries information and energy
negative feedback system - Answers 1) limits change in physiological process
2) most common
positive control system - Answers 1) accelerates change in physiological process
2) uncontrollable
3) found in clotting and reproduction
homeostasis is based on what types of cells - Answers neuronal and endocrine
neurons - Answers capable of electrical current flows across membrane
endocrine cells - Answers release of chemical messengers into blood
regulated critical factors - Answers - temp, pH, amount of O2
- can cause rapid death
, regulated less critical factors - Answers - blood levels of nutrients, ions
- won't cause rapid death
fundamental components of endocrine signaling - Answers - regulated secretion into extracellular fluid
- movement into blood, circulation through body (slower time frame, longer lasting effects)
- diffusion toward target cell, recognition event
types of signaling systems - Answers 1) endocrine - inner secretion (sensory - afferent (into) CNS input -
efferent (out of) response)
2) exocrine - outer secretion to hollow organs, surface
3) paracrine - secretion to neighbors
4) autocrine - secretion to oneself
negative feedback loop mechanism - Answers 1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) physiological change
4) decreased secretion of hormone A
positive feedback loop mechanism - Answers *ovulation in females*
1) hormone A
2) target cell
3) increased secretion of hormone A and increased of hormone A receptors
dendrite - Answers 1) branched or single membrane process
2) smaller spines
3) ligand and voltage gated channels
*4) information input*
cell body - Answers 1) prominent nucleus
2) golgi with many mitochondria
3) nissl bodies (rER, extensive protein synthesis, cellular visualization)
axons - Answers 1) single or branched
