HOSA Pathophysiology Exam 1 2025

abduct - -move an arm or leg away from the body abruptio placentae - -detachment of the placenta from the uterus before birth; often results in severe bleeding ablation - -excision or removal abscess - -a localized collection of pus surrounded by swollen tissue acetabulum - -the cup-shaped cavity in which the ball-shaped head of the femur articulates; hip socket achalasia - -failure of the esophagogastric sphincter to relax with swallowing acholic - -pale or clay-colored; this type of stool usually results from problems in the biliary system acidemia - -a decreased pH of the blood; increased hydrogen ion concentration acidosis - -a pathologic condition resulting from an abnormal increase in the level of hydrogen ions in the body (decrease in pH), resulting from the accumulation of acid or loss of the alkaline reserve acute abdomen - -an abdominal condition of sudden onset, accompanied by pain resulting from intraabdominal inflammation or infection acyanotic - -absence of a bluish appearance of the skin and mucous membranes adenocarcinoma - -a cancerous tumor arising from glandular tissue adenoma - -a benign neoplasm in which cells are derived from glandular epithelium adenosarcoma - -a cancerous gland-like tumor, such as Wilms' tumor adenovirus - -a virus pathogenic to humans that causes conjunctivitis, upper respiratory infection, cystitis, or GI infection; may persist in lymphoid tissue in latent period of the infection adnexal - -pertaining to accessory organs or tissues; an appendage(s) agglutination - -the clumping of antigens with antibodies or of the red blood cells from one type of blood with the red blood cells of another type aggregation - -the coming together of entities such as platelets, blood cells, or diseases agranulocytosis - -a condition of the blood marked by a sudden decrease in the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell); occurs in lesions of the throat or other mucous membranes or as a side effect of the administration of certain drugs or radiation alkalosis - -excessive alkalinity of body fluids allergen - -an antigenic substance capable of producing an allergic response in the body allograft - -a graft of tissue between genetically different individuals of the same species amblyopia - -reduced vision in an eye without a detectable organic lesion amnesia - -a loss of memory; inability to recall past experiences amniography - -radiography (after injection of radiopaque contrast medium into the amniotic fluid) of the pregnant uterus to detect placement of the placenta, the amniotic cavity, and the fetus amniotic fluid - -a transparent albuminous liquid made by the amnion and the fetus; surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy amylase - -an enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that helps in digestion of starches amyloid - -a waxy, starchlike protein that tends to build up in tissues and organs in certain pathologic conditions analgesia - -relief of pain analogue - -a drug that resembles another but has different effects anaphylaxis - -a severe systemic allergic response characterized by redness, itching, swelling, and water buildup (angioedema); in severe cases, life-threatening respiratory distress occurs and the blood pressure drops rapidly (anaphylactic shock) anaplastic - -a change in the orientation and structure of cells; a loss of differentiation that is characteristic of malignancy anastomosis - -the surgical or pathologic connection between two vessels or tubular structures anesthesia - -partial of complete loss of sensation caused by injury, diseases, or the administration of an anesthetic agent angina pectoris - -paroxysmal chest pain, which often radiates to the arms and may be accompanied by a feeling of suffocation and impending death; the most common cause is a shortage of oxygen to the cardiac muscle linked with coronary artery disease angioplasty - -repair of a narrowed blood vessel through surgery or other angiographic procedures angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - -an enzyme found on the surface of blood vessels in the lungs and other tissues with vasopressive action angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - -agents that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (a potent vasoconstrictor) and promote relaxation of blood vessels ankylosis - -immobility of a joint anorexia - -loss of appetite for food anosmia - -impairment or loss of smell antibody - -an immunoglobulin that may combine with a specific antigen to destroy or control it anticholinergic - -a drug used to block the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses anticholinesterase - -any enzyme that counteracts the action of the choline esters anticoagulant - -any substance that delays or prevents blood clotting antiemetic - -a medication that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting antigen - -any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies antimicrobial - -a substance that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth antipyretic - -a drug or treatment that reduces or relieves fever antiseptic - -a substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms antitrypsin - -a substance that inhibits trypsin, an enzyme that hastens the hydrolysis of protein anxiolytic - -a substance that diminishes anxiety aphasia - -a nerve defect that results in loss of speech aphonia - -inability to produce normal speech sounds or loss of voice aphthous ulcers - -recurrent painful canker sores in the mouth apicectomy - -surgical removal of the apex of an infected or damaged tooth root apnea - -the temporary cessation of breathing apoptosis - -a pattern of cell death affecting single cells; refers to programmed cell death arrhythmia - -variation or loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat arthrodesis - -the immobilization of a joint accomplished surgically arthroplasty - -surgical reconstruction or replacement of a diseased joint ascites - -abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of serous fluid aspiration - -drawing in or out by suction asymptomatic - -without symptoms asystole - -the absence of contractions of the heart; cardiac standstill ataxia - -an uncoordinated gait associated with pathology of the central nervous system atrophy - -a wasting away; a degeneration of a cell, tissue, organ, or muscle because of disease or other influences audiogram - -the record of a hearing test aura - -a sensation of phenomenon that signals the onset of an epileptic seizure or a migraine