MOR
MORTUARY SCIENCE EXAM 2025
MICROBIOLOGY - -The scientific study of microorganisms (also called microbes and
sometimes germs) and their effect on other living things. Individual microorganisms are
too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope.
MICROBIOLOGY- GENERAL - -The study and classification of microbes and how they
function.
MICROBIOLOGY-MEDICAL - -The study of pathogens, the diseases they cause and
the body's defenses against them.
MICROBIOLOGY-VETERINARY - -This is concerned with the spread and control of
infectious disease among animals, and the transmission of diseases from animals to
humans.
MICROBIOLOGY-AGRIGULTURAL - -Studies the beneficial and harmful roles of
microbes in soil formation and fertility.
MICROBIOLOGY-SANITARY - -The processing and disposal of garbage and sewage
wastes as well as the purification and processing of water supplies to ensure that no
pathogens are carried to the consumer by drinking water.
MICROBIOLOGY-INDUSTRIAL - -Monitors and maintains the essential microorganisms
for commercial purposes (beer & cheese)
5 Categories of Microbiology - -1. Bacteriology - the study of bacteria
2. Rickettsiology- the study of rickettsia
3. Virology- the study of viruses
4. Protozoology- the study of protozoa
5. Mycology- the study of fungi
PATHOGENS - -Organisms that cause disease in humans
NON-PATHOGENS - -Microorganisms that are considered beneficial or harmless.
INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
INDIGENOUS MICROBIAL OR
NORMAL FLORA - -Organisms that are normally found within the human body. They
are useful because they can inhibit growth of pathogens by:
1. Occupying space
2. Using the food and water supply available
3. Secreting waste products and toxins that inhibit the growth of pathogens.
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EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTOZOA & ALGAE - -1. True Nucleus - an organelle that
controls and integrates the functions of the entire
cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear membrane.
2. Cytoplasm - the part of the cell where most of the work is performed. It refers to the
many functional organelles inside the cell.
3. Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of membranes that forms a network of tubules
connecting the outside of the cell to the nucleus. It transports nutrients
to the nucleus and provides structural support.
4. Ribosomes - attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are
made of RNA and protein. They synthesize essential proteins for
use in the cell.
5. Golgi complex - a group of membranes that packages secretory products in small
sacs called vesicles for storage or export outside the cell.
6. Lysosomes - small sacs that contain lysoyme and other digestive enzymes that break
down foreign material taken into the cell by phagocytosis(the
engulfing of large particles by certain types of white blood cells called phagocytes).
They also destroy worn out cell part and may destroy the entire cell by autolysis.
7. Mitrochondria - the power plant of the cell. This is where ATP(adenosine
triphosphate) is formed to meet the cells energy needs
8. Cell wall - some eukaryotic cells in plants, algae and fungi have cell walls. The
primary purpose of the cell wall is rigidity and to keep the cell from rupturing. The cell
walls of eukaryotes is far less complex than those of prokaryotes.
9. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that it only
allows certain molecules to pass through it. DNA
10. Flagella - structures of motility. They are long, whip-like, filament containing
appendages that propel the cell. Sperm cells propel themselves through the use of
flagella. They are propelled by using a wave-like motion of
PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA (blue-green algae) - -1. Ribosomes - these are the site
of protein synthesis.
2. Mesosomes - these are inward folding of the cell membrane. This is the site of ATP
production in prokaryotes
3. Cell wall - semi-rigid structure that provides the cell with its shape and keeps the cell
from rupturing. Not all bacteria have cell walls. Composed of peptidoglycan
4. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that it
allows only certain molecules to pass through it.
5. Flagella - long, whip-like structures that propel the bacteria. Prokaryotes spin their
flagellum at their point of attachment in either a clockwise of
counterclockwise direction.
6. Pili or fimbriae - used to attach bacterial cells to surfaces. Fimbriae are shorter,
thinner and straighter than flagella. They vary from a few at each end of the cell to
hundreds over the entire surface of the cell. Pili are longer than fimbriae, and differ in
that there are usually only one or two on the surface of the bacteria and they allow
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bacterial cells to join together to transfer DNA from one cell to another. This is called
Conjugation. Genetic material from the first cell is
passed to another existing cell. This is not a form of reproduction. No new cells are
formed. This is the process that allows bacterial cells to become resistant to antibiotics
so quickly. If you have one bacteria that is resistant and it passes its genetic material to
a second cell, than the second cell will have the material
necessary to be resistant to the antibiotics.
7. Endospores - a thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive
unfavorable environmental conditions such as low food supply, lack of carbon or
nitrogen sources. The endospore or spore can enable the organism to survive for
thousands of years. This is not a reproductive process because the number o
PATHOLOGY - -The study of disease, its causes, mechanisms, and effects on the
body.
1. Gross - Morbid Anatomy - Changes visible to the naked eye
2. Histo - Changes in tissues
3. Surgical - tissue removed during a surgical procedure (biopsy)
4. Clinical - laboratory procedure used in making a medical diagnosis
5. Physiological - functional changes associated w/ diseases & disorders
6. Medicolegal (Forensic) - accidents, suicides, murders - unexplained deaths
DISEASE - -any change or aberration in the normal structure or function of any tissue,
organ or system of the body. Disease is an unhealthy condition in a part or physiological
system.
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY - -1. Gross Pathology
2. Histo-Pathology
3. Surgical Pathology
4. Clinical Pathology
5. Medicolegal (Forensic) Pathology
GROSS PATHOLOGY-AKA MORBID ANATOMY - -Looking at changes that are visible
to the naked eye during a postmortem examination.
HISTO-PATHOLOGY-Changes in Tissues - -This involves microscopic examination of
tissue.
May also be called Pathologic Histology. Histology is the study of tissue.
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY - -study of tissue that has been removed from a body during
a surgical procedure. This is one method of obtaining tissue for a biopsy, which will
involve microscopic observation.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - -the numerous laboratory procedures that are used in
making a medical diagnosis. Whenever laboratory methods are applied toward the
resolution of
clinical problems.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY-AKA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - -The study of the
functional changes
associated with diseases and disorders. An example would be the study of how
bronchitis impairs lung functioning.
MEDICOLEGAL (FORENSIC) PATHOLOGY - -the study of accidents, suicides,
murders and other
homicides, and criminal cases when some portion of bodies remain.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY - -ooking at the body as a whole. It deals with diseased
conditions that may occur in different organs.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY - -the study of particular diseases that occur in particular
organs.
AUTOPSY - -Confirms or alters clinical diagnosis and treatment
provides advance medical knowledge and research and assists in medicolegal cases
NATURE OF DISEASE - -Molecular and cellular changes- the structural unit of life is
the cell. Therefore all diseases disturb some cells in particular ways. Molecular changes
will of course lead to cellular disturbances as well.
LESION - -any pathological or traumatic change in the structure or function of a part.
This is a broad term that suggests an abnormality of structure or function in any
particular part. May refer to a wound, infection, tumor, abscess or chemical abnormality.
DIAGNOSIS - -Determination of the nature of a particular disease. The art & science of
distinguishing diseases from each other based on signs & symptoms.
PROGNOSIS - -a forecast of the probable outcome of a disease, including the prospect
of recovery.
SYMPTOMS - -indications of a disease or disorder that are experienced by the sufferer.
This is called subjective evidence of disease. Pain, nausea, and headache are
examples.
SIGNS - -observable indications of a disease or disorder that can be detected by a
physician. Called objective evidence of disease. A broken bone seen in an X-ray. With
continued advances in medical diagnosis, signs are becoming sufficient evidence to
diagnose disease. Example: pupil dilation.
EXACERBATION - -the increase in the severity of the symptoms of a disease.
REMISSION - -the reduction or abatement of the symptoms of a disease. Exacerbation
and remission may occur in cycles for various diseases. For example, Multiple
MOR
MORTUARY SCIENCE EXAM 2025
MICROBIOLOGY - -The scientific study of microorganisms (also called microbes and
sometimes germs) and their effect on other living things. Individual microorganisms are
too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope.
MICROBIOLOGY- GENERAL - -The study and classification of microbes and how they
function.
MICROBIOLOGY-MEDICAL - -The study of pathogens, the diseases they cause and
the body's defenses against them.
MICROBIOLOGY-VETERINARY - -This is concerned with the spread and control of
infectious disease among animals, and the transmission of diseases from animals to
humans.
MICROBIOLOGY-AGRIGULTURAL - -Studies the beneficial and harmful roles of
microbes in soil formation and fertility.
MICROBIOLOGY-SANITARY - -The processing and disposal of garbage and sewage
wastes as well as the purification and processing of water supplies to ensure that no
pathogens are carried to the consumer by drinking water.
MICROBIOLOGY-INDUSTRIAL - -Monitors and maintains the essential microorganisms
for commercial purposes (beer & cheese)
5 Categories of Microbiology - -1. Bacteriology - the study of bacteria
2. Rickettsiology- the study of rickettsia
3. Virology- the study of viruses
4. Protozoology- the study of protozoa
5. Mycology- the study of fungi
PATHOGENS - -Organisms that cause disease in humans
NON-PATHOGENS - -Microorganisms that are considered beneficial or harmless.
INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
INDIGENOUS MICROBIAL OR
NORMAL FLORA - -Organisms that are normally found within the human body. They
are useful because they can inhibit growth of pathogens by:
1. Occupying space
2. Using the food and water supply available
3. Secreting waste products and toxins that inhibit the growth of pathogens.
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EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTOZOA & ALGAE - -1. True Nucleus - an organelle that
controls and integrates the functions of the entire
cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear membrane.
2. Cytoplasm - the part of the cell where most of the work is performed. It refers to the
many functional organelles inside the cell.
3. Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of membranes that forms a network of tubules
connecting the outside of the cell to the nucleus. It transports nutrients
to the nucleus and provides structural support.
4. Ribosomes - attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are
made of RNA and protein. They synthesize essential proteins for
use in the cell.
5. Golgi complex - a group of membranes that packages secretory products in small
sacs called vesicles for storage or export outside the cell.
6. Lysosomes - small sacs that contain lysoyme and other digestive enzymes that break
down foreign material taken into the cell by phagocytosis(the
engulfing of large particles by certain types of white blood cells called phagocytes).
They also destroy worn out cell part and may destroy the entire cell by autolysis.
7. Mitrochondria - the power plant of the cell. This is where ATP(adenosine
triphosphate) is formed to meet the cells energy needs
8. Cell wall - some eukaryotic cells in plants, algae and fungi have cell walls. The
primary purpose of the cell wall is rigidity and to keep the cell from rupturing. The cell
walls of eukaryotes is far less complex than those of prokaryotes.
9. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that it only
allows certain molecules to pass through it. DNA
10. Flagella - structures of motility. They are long, whip-like, filament containing
appendages that propel the cell. Sperm cells propel themselves through the use of
flagella. They are propelled by using a wave-like motion of
PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA (blue-green algae) - -1. Ribosomes - these are the site
of protein synthesis.
2. Mesosomes - these are inward folding of the cell membrane. This is the site of ATP
production in prokaryotes
3. Cell wall - semi-rigid structure that provides the cell with its shape and keeps the cell
from rupturing. Not all bacteria have cell walls. Composed of peptidoglycan
4. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that it
allows only certain molecules to pass through it.
5. Flagella - long, whip-like structures that propel the bacteria. Prokaryotes spin their
flagellum at their point of attachment in either a clockwise of
counterclockwise direction.
6. Pili or fimbriae - used to attach bacterial cells to surfaces. Fimbriae are shorter,
thinner and straighter than flagella. They vary from a few at each end of the cell to
hundreds over the entire surface of the cell. Pili are longer than fimbriae, and differ in
that there are usually only one or two on the surface of the bacteria and they allow
MOR
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bacterial cells to join together to transfer DNA from one cell to another. This is called
Conjugation. Genetic material from the first cell is
passed to another existing cell. This is not a form of reproduction. No new cells are
formed. This is the process that allows bacterial cells to become resistant to antibiotics
so quickly. If you have one bacteria that is resistant and it passes its genetic material to
a second cell, than the second cell will have the material
necessary to be resistant to the antibiotics.
7. Endospores - a thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to survive
unfavorable environmental conditions such as low food supply, lack of carbon or
nitrogen sources. The endospore or spore can enable the organism to survive for
thousands of years. This is not a reproductive process because the number o
PATHOLOGY - -The study of disease, its causes, mechanisms, and effects on the
body.
1. Gross - Morbid Anatomy - Changes visible to the naked eye
2. Histo - Changes in tissues
3. Surgical - tissue removed during a surgical procedure (biopsy)
4. Clinical - laboratory procedure used in making a medical diagnosis
5. Physiological - functional changes associated w/ diseases & disorders
6. Medicolegal (Forensic) - accidents, suicides, murders - unexplained deaths
DISEASE - -any change or aberration in the normal structure or function of any tissue,
organ or system of the body. Disease is an unhealthy condition in a part or physiological
system.
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY - -1. Gross Pathology
2. Histo-Pathology
3. Surgical Pathology
4. Clinical Pathology
5. Medicolegal (Forensic) Pathology
GROSS PATHOLOGY-AKA MORBID ANATOMY - -Looking at changes that are visible
to the naked eye during a postmortem examination.
HISTO-PATHOLOGY-Changes in Tissues - -This involves microscopic examination of
tissue.
May also be called Pathologic Histology. Histology is the study of tissue.
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY - -study of tissue that has been removed from a body during
a surgical procedure. This is one method of obtaining tissue for a biopsy, which will
involve microscopic observation.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - -the numerous laboratory procedures that are used in
making a medical diagnosis. Whenever laboratory methods are applied toward the
resolution of
clinical problems.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY-AKA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - -The study of the
functional changes
associated with diseases and disorders. An example would be the study of how
bronchitis impairs lung functioning.
MEDICOLEGAL (FORENSIC) PATHOLOGY - -the study of accidents, suicides,
murders and other
homicides, and criminal cases when some portion of bodies remain.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY - -ooking at the body as a whole. It deals with diseased
conditions that may occur in different organs.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY - -the study of particular diseases that occur in particular
organs.
AUTOPSY - -Confirms or alters clinical diagnosis and treatment
provides advance medical knowledge and research and assists in medicolegal cases
NATURE OF DISEASE - -Molecular and cellular changes- the structural unit of life is
the cell. Therefore all diseases disturb some cells in particular ways. Molecular changes
will of course lead to cellular disturbances as well.
LESION - -any pathological or traumatic change in the structure or function of a part.
This is a broad term that suggests an abnormality of structure or function in any
particular part. May refer to a wound, infection, tumor, abscess or chemical abnormality.
DIAGNOSIS - -Determination of the nature of a particular disease. The art & science of
distinguishing diseases from each other based on signs & symptoms.
PROGNOSIS - -a forecast of the probable outcome of a disease, including the prospect
of recovery.
SYMPTOMS - -indications of a disease or disorder that are experienced by the sufferer.
This is called subjective evidence of disease. Pain, nausea, and headache are
examples.
SIGNS - -observable indications of a disease or disorder that can be detected by a
physician. Called objective evidence of disease. A broken bone seen in an X-ray. With
continued advances in medical diagnosis, signs are becoming sufficient evidence to
diagnose disease. Example: pupil dilation.
EXACERBATION - -the increase in the severity of the symptoms of a disease.
REMISSION - -the reduction or abatement of the symptoms of a disease. Exacerbation
and remission may occur in cycles for various diseases. For example, Multiple
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