514 ANALYTICAL METHODS OF HEALTHCARE LEADERS

514 ANALYTICAL METHODS OF
HEALTHCARE LEADERS




ANOVA43test43-43answer--
Analysis43of43variance43(ANOVA)43may43be43used43in43research43studies43where43there
43are43two43or43more43groups43to43compare.


Chi-square43tests43-43answer--Chi-
square43tests43determine43if43an43association43exists43between43two43categorical43varia
bles.

Control43group43-43answer--
In43a43healthcare43environment,43this43group43of43patients43does43not43receive43the43tre
atment43that43is43being43studied.

Experimental43group43-43answer--
This43group43of43patients43receives43the43treatment43being43studied43with43follow-
up43observation43to43determine43the43effect43of43the43treatment.

F-test43-43answer--The43F-
test43is43designed43to43test43if43two43population43variances43are43equal.43The43ratio43of43
the43two43variances43is43compared.43If43they43are43equal,43the43ratio43of43the43variances
43will43be431.


Frequency43-43answer--
Frequencies43measure43how43often43a43particular43value43occurs43to43assess43the43imp
ortance43of43a43value43or43check43the43variation43of43the43values43in43a43study.

Hypothesis43-43answer--
A43proposed43explanation43for43an43observation43that43leads43to43a43prediction.43Throug
h43investigation43and43the43use43of43statistical43data,43those43doing43the43study43will43eit
her43confirm43or43reject43the43hypothesis.43Testing43the43hypothesis43will43show43if43ther
e43is43a43link43(or43not)43between43two43or43more43variables.

Integrity43-43answer--
Research43always43makes43some43assumptions,43depending43on43the43type43of43metho

,d43used.43Research43assumptions43must43be43identified43to43determine43possible43brea
ches43of43integrity.

Interval43data43-43answer--
Interval43data43includes43units43of43equal43size,43such43as43IQ43results.43There43is43no43
zero43point.43An43example43of43interval43scale43is43time:43Time43is43measured43in432443h
ours43in43each43day;43the43time43between43each43hour43is43the43same,436043minutes.

Mean43-43answer--
Mean43is43the43arithmetic43average.43Divide43the43sum43of43all43scores43by43the43total43n
umber43of43scores.

Median43-43answer--
Median43is43the43midpoint43of43the43distribution43of43values,43or43the43point43above43or43
below43which435043percent43of43the43values43fall.

Methods43section43components43-43answer--
When43analyzing43the43quality43of43a43study,43a43careful43evaluation43of43the43research4
3methods43can43reveal43critical43details43about43population43and43sample,43covariables4
3and43hypothesis,43data43presentation,43statistical43analysis,43and43study43limitations.


Misleading43statistics43-43answer--
Interpreting43and43presenting43the43results43of43data43analysis43affords43many43opportun
ities43for43accidental43or43deliberate43misrepresentations43of43data.43Common43example
s43include43implying43causation,43extrapolating43beyond43the43reasonable,43relying43on4
3a43biased43or43incomplete43sample,43and43using43inappropriate43graphical43representat
ions.

Mode43-43answer--Mode43is43the43value43that43occurs43most43frequently43in43the43data.

Multivariate43regression43analyses43-43answer--
Multivariate43regression43analyses43can43be43used43to43analyze43and43adjust43risk.43Thi
s43analysis43model43contrasts43each43measured43factor43to43the43patient's43risk43of43a43
particular43outcome.

Nominal43data43-43answer--
Nominal43data43can43be43measured43as43a43frequency43or43percentage,43and43the43mea
n43of43these43data43cannot43be43calculated.43Nominal43data43in43healthcare43might43incl
ude43demographic43information43about43patients.43The43word43nominal43means43"pertai
ning43to43a43name."

Ordinal43data43-43answer--
Ordinal43data43can43be43measured43as43a43frequency,43and43the43mean43of43ordinal43da
ta43is43often43calculated.43Ordinal43data43in43healthcare43might43include43patient43satisfa
ction43surveys43using43a43Likert43scale.43The43word43ordinal43means43to43"put43in43order
."

, Parametric43and43nonparametric43tests43-43answer--
Parametric43tests43are43based43on43probability43distributions.43Nonparametric43tests43ar
e43used43when43data43are43not43normally43distributed.

Pearson's43correlation43-43answer--
Pearson's43correlation43is43used43with43interval43and43ordinal43scale43data43and43determ
ines43the43extent43to43which43a43change43in43one43variable43tends43to43be43associated43
with43a43change43in43another.

Qualitative43research43methods43-43answer--
Qualitative43research43is43aimed43at43understanding43perceptions,43perspectives,43inter
pretations,43and43opinions.43Qualitative43research43methods43often43include43questionn
aires,43interviews,43written43documents,43observations,43and43focus43groups.

Ratio43data43-43answer--
Divide43one43quantity43by43another,43and43you43have43a43value.43You43will43have43a43pr
oportion,43a43percentage43or43a43rate.

Reliability,43validity,43and43analysis43of43questionnaires43-43answer--
Questionnaires43can43be43evaluated43for43reliability43based43on43their43consistency43(sta
bility)43or43repeatability43over43time;43questionnaires43are43valid43if43they43measure43or43
record43what43they43purport43to43measure.43Data43from43questionnaires43may43then43be
43grouped43according43to43nominal,43ordinal,43or43interval43or43ratio43data.


Research43-43answer--
Research43can43inform43decisions43regarding43the43development43and43efficacy43of43ne
w43processes,43systems,43technologies,43environments,43and43organizational43structure
s43to43support43operations.

Research43platform43-43answer--
Research43is43built43on43a43platform43of43previous43knowledge,43the43scientific43method.

Risk43adjustment43-43answer--
Risk43adjustment43is43essential43for43comparing43data43across43systems,43especially43a
mong43patients43with43varying43comorbid43diseases43and43complex43treatment43modaliti
es.43Multivariate43regression43analyses43can43be43used43to43analyze43and43adjust43risk.4
3This43analysis43model43looks43at43each43measured43factor43to43the43patient's43risk43of43
a43particular43outcome.

Risk43of43error43and43harm43-43answer--
Studies43should43include43an43analysis43of43any43sources43of43error43as43well43as43a43th
orough43explanation43of43the43consequences43associated43with43a43particular43study43tr
eatment.