BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
What are the names and function of the three basic elements of a gene? -
ANSWER-promoter- where initiation begins; the sigma factor binds to a strand of
DNA and clips and untwists to make a transcription bubble)
RNA-coding sequence- the sequence that actually gets transcribed; 3'-5' strand
terminator- marks the end of a gene
What ingredients are necessary for RNA transcription in prokaryotes? - ANSWER-
RNA Polymerase (A holoenzyme the binds and unwinds DNA via its sigma
factor), initiation factors,
Where does transcription occur? - ANSWER-the endoplasmic reticulum via
ribosomes
What direction is RNA polymerized? - ANSWER-RNA is polymerized in a 5' to 3'
direction
END OF
PAGE 1
, BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
Describe the differences between the template strand and the non-coding strand in
transcription for prokaryotes (including the 5' and 3' orientation of both) -
ANSWER-The non-coding template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored
during transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to synthesize the transcript
What are the two types of terminators used in prokaryotic transcription? -
ANSWER-Rho-dependent : Rho helicase gets added to the transcript and clips the
RNA
Rho-independent : no helicase added; C-G regions loop such that the RNA
polymerase can no longer fit on the strand, causing it to dissociate
What are the differences between prokaryotic replication and transcription? -
ANSWER-Replication yields DNA strand while Transcription yields an RNA
molecule
END OF
PAGE 2
, BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
transcription uses RNA polymerase in the initation stage, whereas replication uses
DNA polymerase
Transcription only needs Rho helicase (if that) to terminate, whereas Replication
used DNA Polymerase 1 and DNA Ligase to terminate
What are activators and enhancers in eukaryotic transcription? - ANSWER-
Activators : Chemical/agent that regulates gene expression by increasing
transcription
Enhancer: Activators bind to enhancers to increase transcription
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANSWER-phosphate group,
pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANSWER-Adenine and Guanine
END OF
PAGE 3
, BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANSWER-cytosine, thymine, uracil
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANSWER- purines
are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER-DNA: double
stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2'
Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANSWER-nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous
base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANSWER-Phosphodiester bonds
What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANSWER-
1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits
END OF
PAGE 4
FINAL EXAM
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
What are the names and function of the three basic elements of a gene? -
ANSWER-promoter- where initiation begins; the sigma factor binds to a strand of
DNA and clips and untwists to make a transcription bubble)
RNA-coding sequence- the sequence that actually gets transcribed; 3'-5' strand
terminator- marks the end of a gene
What ingredients are necessary for RNA transcription in prokaryotes? - ANSWER-
RNA Polymerase (A holoenzyme the binds and unwinds DNA via its sigma
factor), initiation factors,
Where does transcription occur? - ANSWER-the endoplasmic reticulum via
ribosomes
What direction is RNA polymerized? - ANSWER-RNA is polymerized in a 5' to 3'
direction
END OF
PAGE 1
, BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
Describe the differences between the template strand and the non-coding strand in
transcription for prokaryotes (including the 5' and 3' orientation of both) -
ANSWER-The non-coding template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored
during transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to synthesize the transcript
What are the two types of terminators used in prokaryotic transcription? -
ANSWER-Rho-dependent : Rho helicase gets added to the transcript and clips the
RNA
Rho-independent : no helicase added; C-G regions loop such that the RNA
polymerase can no longer fit on the strand, causing it to dissociate
What are the differences between prokaryotic replication and transcription? -
ANSWER-Replication yields DNA strand while Transcription yields an RNA
molecule
END OF
PAGE 2
, BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
transcription uses RNA polymerase in the initation stage, whereas replication uses
DNA polymerase
Transcription only needs Rho helicase (if that) to terminate, whereas Replication
used DNA Polymerase 1 and DNA Ligase to terminate
What are activators and enhancers in eukaryotic transcription? - ANSWER-
Activators : Chemical/agent that regulates gene expression by increasing
transcription
Enhancer: Activators bind to enhancers to increase transcription
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANSWER-phosphate group,
pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANSWER-Adenine and Guanine
END OF
PAGE 3
, BIO GENETICS 210 LATEST
FINAL EXAM
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANSWER-cytosine, thymine, uracil
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANSWER- purines
are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER-DNA: double
stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2'
Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANSWER-nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous
base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANSWER-Phosphodiester bonds
What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANSWER-
1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits
END OF
PAGE 4
