PSCH 242 UIC EXAM 3|| LATEST
UPDATE 2025|| 100% VERIFIED
Level of Constraint - ANSWER How much control the researcher has over the design
and progression of the study
Archival Study - ANSWER A study in which data is collected from a variety of historical
records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages - ANSWER Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is
no researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations - ANSWER There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics
could also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit
bias. Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data
collection.
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER Observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation Advantages - ANSWER realistic picture of behavior, actions
are pure.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations - ANSWER Limited scope of observation, reliable
and valid measures are very difficult to create.
General Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods - ANSWER Limited generalizability,
limited replicability, lot of room for experimenter (confirmation) bias, very limited validity
of measure at times, mistaken causality.
Differences between Correlational lower methods of research - ANSWER Higher levels
of constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when and
how variables are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research - ANSWER Narrower
focus, standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are measured,
and *additional* control over Confounding Variables.
Problem Statements in Correlational Research - ANSWER Always contain at least two
variables. "Is there a relationship between variable X and variable Y?"
Problem Statements in Differential Research - ANSWER "Does group A differ from
group B on variable Y (the dependent variable)?"
, Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies - ANSWER Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship
between two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Confounding Variables - ANSWER Variables that vary along with the independent
variable. A variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
How to deal with confounds in Correlational Research - ANSWER Statistically control
for effects of possible confounding variables
Null Hypothesis - ANSWER the hypothesis that there is no significant difference
between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or
experimental error.
Possible Alternative Explanations (Confounding Variables) - ANSWER The "hypothesis"
that something other than the independent variable caused the dependent variable.
Difficult to perfectly rule out, but lends credibility to the research hypothesis if ruled out.
Statistical Validity - ANSWER the extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a
study are accurate and reasonable
Construct Validity - ANSWER the extent to which the operationalization of the variables
measure what they are supposed to measure
External Validity - ANSWER extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world
settings
Internal Validity - ANSWER extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences
from a study (Causality)
Mundane Realism - ANSWER extent to which an experiment is similar to a real-life
situation.
Psychological Realism - ANSWER the extent to which psychological processes
generated in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life situation of
interest
Maturation - ANSWER Results can be attributed to time passing and internal changes
that happen over time rather than the independent variable.
Selection - ANSWER -Any factor that creates groups that are not equal at the start of
the study
-Always a problem when participants are not randomly assigned to treatments
UPDATE 2025|| 100% VERIFIED
Level of Constraint - ANSWER How much control the researcher has over the design
and progression of the study
Archival Study - ANSWER A study in which data is collected from a variety of historical
records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages - ANSWER Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is
no researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations - ANSWER There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics
could also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit
bias. Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data
collection.
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER Observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation Advantages - ANSWER realistic picture of behavior, actions
are pure.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations - ANSWER Limited scope of observation, reliable
and valid measures are very difficult to create.
General Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods - ANSWER Limited generalizability,
limited replicability, lot of room for experimenter (confirmation) bias, very limited validity
of measure at times, mistaken causality.
Differences between Correlational lower methods of research - ANSWER Higher levels
of constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when and
how variables are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research - ANSWER Narrower
focus, standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are measured,
and *additional* control over Confounding Variables.
Problem Statements in Correlational Research - ANSWER Always contain at least two
variables. "Is there a relationship between variable X and variable Y?"
Problem Statements in Differential Research - ANSWER "Does group A differ from
group B on variable Y (the dependent variable)?"
, Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies - ANSWER Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship
between two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Confounding Variables - ANSWER Variables that vary along with the independent
variable. A variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
How to deal with confounds in Correlational Research - ANSWER Statistically control
for effects of possible confounding variables
Null Hypothesis - ANSWER the hypothesis that there is no significant difference
between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or
experimental error.
Possible Alternative Explanations (Confounding Variables) - ANSWER The "hypothesis"
that something other than the independent variable caused the dependent variable.
Difficult to perfectly rule out, but lends credibility to the research hypothesis if ruled out.
Statistical Validity - ANSWER the extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a
study are accurate and reasonable
Construct Validity - ANSWER the extent to which the operationalization of the variables
measure what they are supposed to measure
External Validity - ANSWER extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world
settings
Internal Validity - ANSWER extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences
from a study (Causality)
Mundane Realism - ANSWER extent to which an experiment is similar to a real-life
situation.
Psychological Realism - ANSWER the extent to which psychological processes
generated in an experiment are similar to those that occur in everyday life situation of
interest
Maturation - ANSWER Results can be attributed to time passing and internal changes
that happen over time rather than the independent variable.
Selection - ANSWER -Any factor that creates groups that are not equal at the start of
the study
-Always a problem when participants are not randomly assigned to treatments
