NR 503 CHAMBERLAIN MIDTERM EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔confounding variable - ✔✔is an "extra" variable that you didn't account for. They can
ruin an experiment and give you useless results. They can suggest there is correlation
when in fact there isn't. They can even introduce bias. That's why it's important to know
what one is, and how to avoid getting them into your experiment in the first place
✔✔Study Methods - ✔✔descriptive and analytic
✔✔descriptive study AKA Natural history of disease - ✔✔It is the first step in
epidemiology investigation. Used to describe the distribution of the disease and other
health-related states and events. Describes person place and time. Provided data for
program planning, resource planning, and generates a hypothesis. There are 4 types:
correlational (ecologic) studies, case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.
✔✔analytic study - ✔✔consists of observational and experimental. Observational
include case control and cohort. Experimental includes random control trial (typically for
new drug testing), field trial (conducted on those who have a high risk of obtained a
disease), and community trial (research is conducted on an entire community or
neighborhood). Test a hypothesis.
✔✔Rapid Cycle Improvement (RCI) - ✔✔1. "quality improvement method that identifies,
implements and measures changes made to improve a process or a system." it implies
that changes are made and tested over periods of three or months or less, rather than
the standard eight to twelve months. It consists of fours stages:
Plan: Identify an opportunity to improve and plan a change or test of how something
works.
Do: Carry out the plan on a small number of patients. The test period may be as short
as one day for small PDSA cycles.
Study:Examine the results. Did you achieve your goals?
Act: Use your results to make a decision, incorporate changes into your workflow, and
establish future quality improvement plans
✔✔Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? - ✔✔No, it is
secondary.
✔✔How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening
test? - ✔✔Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN to
address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs to be
identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost effective. The
preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so
that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes.
, ✔✔Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How
is it used? - ✔✔It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables
available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for
each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from
2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem
being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
✔✔How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together
to aid evidence-based care? - ✔✔Causation- helps look at the cause of the issue or
disease process. Descriptive epidemiology focuses on the person, place, and time. An
example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli. The
physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them sick. For
instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
✔✔4 types of casual relationships - ✔✔1. Necessary and sufficient (rare)- a factor is
both necessary (disease will appear only if the factor is present) and sufficient
(exposure always cause disease).
2. Necessary but not sufficient: more than one factor is required. Tb is a factor, but even
if present not always the person get sick.
3. Sufficient but not necessary - specific fx can cause disease, but other fx can cause
the same disease. Ex. anemia
4. Neither sufficient nor necessary - specific fx can be combined with other fx to produce
disease. but disease can be produced without the factor.
✔✔What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and
tertiary interventions? - ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an
increase in the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention
would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus
causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
✔✔Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? - ✔✔is the
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely integrated
with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔confounding variable - ✔✔is an "extra" variable that you didn't account for. They can
ruin an experiment and give you useless results. They can suggest there is correlation
when in fact there isn't. They can even introduce bias. That's why it's important to know
what one is, and how to avoid getting them into your experiment in the first place
✔✔Study Methods - ✔✔descriptive and analytic
✔✔descriptive study AKA Natural history of disease - ✔✔It is the first step in
epidemiology investigation. Used to describe the distribution of the disease and other
health-related states and events. Describes person place and time. Provided data for
program planning, resource planning, and generates a hypothesis. There are 4 types:
correlational (ecologic) studies, case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.
✔✔analytic study - ✔✔consists of observational and experimental. Observational
include case control and cohort. Experimental includes random control trial (typically for
new drug testing), field trial (conducted on those who have a high risk of obtained a
disease), and community trial (research is conducted on an entire community or
neighborhood). Test a hypothesis.
✔✔Rapid Cycle Improvement (RCI) - ✔✔1. "quality improvement method that identifies,
implements and measures changes made to improve a process or a system." it implies
that changes are made and tested over periods of three or months or less, rather than
the standard eight to twelve months. It consists of fours stages:
Plan: Identify an opportunity to improve and plan a change or test of how something
works.
Do: Carry out the plan on a small number of patients. The test period may be as short
as one day for small PDSA cycles.
Study:Examine the results. Did you achieve your goals?
Act: Use your results to make a decision, incorporate changes into your workflow, and
establish future quality improvement plans
✔✔Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? - ✔✔No, it is
secondary.
✔✔How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening
test? - ✔✔Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN to
address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs to be
identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost effective. The
preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so
that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes.
, ✔✔Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How
is it used? - ✔✔It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables
available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for
each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from
2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem
being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
✔✔How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together
to aid evidence-based care? - ✔✔Causation- helps look at the cause of the issue or
disease process. Descriptive epidemiology focuses on the person, place, and time. An
example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli. The
physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them sick. For
instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
✔✔4 types of casual relationships - ✔✔1. Necessary and sufficient (rare)- a factor is
both necessary (disease will appear only if the factor is present) and sufficient
(exposure always cause disease).
2. Necessary but not sufficient: more than one factor is required. Tb is a factor, but even
if present not always the person get sick.
3. Sufficient but not necessary - specific fx can cause disease, but other fx can cause
the same disease. Ex. anemia
4. Neither sufficient nor necessary - specific fx can be combined with other fx to produce
disease. but disease can be produced without the factor.
✔✔What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and
tertiary interventions? - ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an
increase in the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention
would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus
causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
✔✔Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? - ✔✔is the
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely integrated
with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
