NR 503 CHAMBERLAIN EXAMINATION SET 2025
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? - ✔✔No, it is
secondary.
✔✔How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening
test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What determines if a screening
test should be used? - ✔✔Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires
the APRN to address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population
needs to be identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost
effective. The preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms
appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes.
The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality, and SAMHSA-HRSA to find a screening test. Sensitivity and
specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is the number identified/ the number
affected. Specificity is the number identified in the screening of not having the disease/
the actual number who do not have the disease.
✔✔Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How
is it used? - ✔✔It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables
available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for
each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from
2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem
being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
✔✔How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together
to aid evidence-based care? - ✔✔______________- helps look at the cause of the
issue or disease process. ________ ________ focuses on the person, place, and time.
An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli.
The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them sick.
For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
✔✔What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and
tertiary interventions? - ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an
increase in the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
, be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention
would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus
causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
✔✔Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? - ✔✔is the
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely integrated
with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active involves
using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using
surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
population.
✔✔What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the
cohort study design? - ✔✔The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a
particular factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and
measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence
of disease in the exposed group suggests an association between that factor and the
disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing with an
outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined source population, particularly if the disease
being studied was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and a
comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases and
controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past
exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular
factor compared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a
better choice when the source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly
useful when the disease outcome was uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will
be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strategy.
✔✔Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection
bias) etc? - ✔✔Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative
of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not
representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is
not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from
cuffs that are too small.
✔✔What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study
(or a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? -
✔✔___________ studies are studies in which patients who already have a specific
condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. The researcher
looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the illness.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? - ✔✔No, it is
secondary.
✔✔How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening
test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What determines if a screening
test should be used? - ✔✔Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires
the APRN to address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population
needs to be identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost
effective. The preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms
appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes.
The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality, and SAMHSA-HRSA to find a screening test. Sensitivity and
specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is the number identified/ the number
affected. Specificity is the number identified in the screening of not having the disease/
the actual number who do not have the disease.
✔✔Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How
is it used? - ✔✔It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
data. He or she can see what the data can or cannot reveal based on the variables
available, its limitations (for example, the number of records with missing information for
each important variable), and its eccentricities (for example, all cases range in age from
2 months to 6 years, plus one 17-year-old.).
Second, the epidemiologist learns the extent and pattern of the public health problem
being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
✔✔How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together
to aid evidence-based care? - ✔✔______________- helps look at the cause of the
issue or disease process. ________ ________ focuses on the person, place, and time.
An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from E. Coli.
The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them sick.
For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
✔✔What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and
tertiary interventions? - ✔✔is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an
increase in the outcome of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could
, be the use of flu vaccines yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary
intervention would be to test for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention
would be giving Tamiflu to a flu positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus
causes the flu when can help to perform actions against it.
✔✔Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"? - ✔✔is the
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely integrated
with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. Passive
surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active involves
using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using
surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
population.
✔✔What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the
cohort study design? - ✔✔The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a
particular factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and
measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence
of disease in the exposed group suggests an association between that factor and the
disease outcome. This study design is generally a good choice when dealing with an
outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined source population, particularly if the disease
being studied was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and a
comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases and
controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past
exposures. If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular
factor compared to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a
better choice when the source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly
useful when the disease outcome was uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will
be used to illustrate these differences in sampling strategy.
✔✔Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection
bias) etc? - ✔✔Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative
of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not
representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is
not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from
cuffs that are too small.
✔✔What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study
(or a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? -
✔✔___________ studies are studies in which patients who already have a specific
condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. The researcher
looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the illness.
