NR 503 CHAMBERLAIN EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Randomized Controlled Trials - ✔✔•Clinical trials where patients are randomized to
one of two or more treatments, one of which may be a control treatment
•Control group may receive the "standard of care" or a placebo
•To avoid bias the trial should be double blinded meaning both the participant and the
researcher are unaware of what treatment they are receiving
✔✔Cohort Study - ✔✔Compares individuals exposed and not exposed/ incidence of
disease in exposed and not exposed
•This group is followed, and associations are made between a risk factor and disease
Can measure absolute and relative risk, odds ratio and attributable risk
✔✔Prospective Cohort Study - ✔✔Follows individuals who have the risk factor to see if
over time they develop the disease - temporal relationships between disease and
exposure is easy to establish
✔✔Retrospective Cohort Study - ✔✔•Exposure or risk factor is obtained looking back in
time
•Data is often gathered from medical records
✔✔Case-Control Study - ✔✔Individuals with the disease (cases) and those not
experiencing the disease (controls) are compared.
Compares proportions of those who have the exposure and the disease to those who
have exposure and not the disease
Can measure odds ration and sometimes attributable risk
✔✔Cross-Sectional Study - ✔✔Analyze the relationship between disease (or other
health outcomes) and othe r variables of interest pertaining to a defined population at a
particular point in time.
Ie exposure and outcome are measured at the same time
Looks at a "snapshot" at one point of time regarding a health outcome experienced by a
group of people at one point in time. Population-based surveys are considered cross-
sectional surveys.
Participants are not randomize
Exposures and outcomes are collected simultaneously.
✔✔Reliability - ✔✔The ability of test results being replicated if the test is repeated.
✔✔Latent Period - ✔✔The time from exposure of a causal agent to onset of symptoms
of a (usually noninfectious) disease
Latent disease is when symptoms have not yet developed
, Example: TB
Think: Pathogen enters host.
✔✔Incubation Period - ✔✔After the disease process has been triggered, pathological
changes then occur without the individual being aware of them.
This stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of
disease symptoms
Think: Pathogen spreads within host.
✔✔Clinical Disease - ✔✔A disease that has been manifested by its symptoms and
features
✔✔Descriptive Epidemiology - ✔✔Uses to describe the distribution of disease in terms
of person, place, and time Person- age, gender, socioeconomic status Place-
residence, work, school Time- secular trends, epidemic disease outbreaks It provides a
basis for program planning, delivery and evaluation of health services
✔✔Health Disparities - ✔✔- Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury,
violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health.
- Experienced by socially disadvantaged. Involving race, ethnicity, or other population
groups and communities.
Refers to the differences in health status between various populations
✔✔Healthy People 2020 - ✔✔A national document with national objectives that guides
advanced practice nurses to focus on an identified levels of population health care for
persons across the lifespan
✔✔Social justice theory - ✔✔The goal that all people will have equal opportunity to
healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same
Vital to advocacy, health disparities and to outcomes
✔✔How are outcomes determined - ✔✔Public health metrics; mortality and life
expectancies
✔✔Donabedian Model 1980 - ✔✔Structure, Process, and Outcome
used to examine the quality of care/ describing health of the community
Structure: healthcare resources
Process: how healthcare is delivered
Outcome: change in health status after intervention
✔✔Classifying outcomes - ✔✔Who, what, when
Populations? Community?
What type of outcome?
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Randomized Controlled Trials - ✔✔•Clinical trials where patients are randomized to
one of two or more treatments, one of which may be a control treatment
•Control group may receive the "standard of care" or a placebo
•To avoid bias the trial should be double blinded meaning both the participant and the
researcher are unaware of what treatment they are receiving
✔✔Cohort Study - ✔✔Compares individuals exposed and not exposed/ incidence of
disease in exposed and not exposed
•This group is followed, and associations are made between a risk factor and disease
Can measure absolute and relative risk, odds ratio and attributable risk
✔✔Prospective Cohort Study - ✔✔Follows individuals who have the risk factor to see if
over time they develop the disease - temporal relationships between disease and
exposure is easy to establish
✔✔Retrospective Cohort Study - ✔✔•Exposure or risk factor is obtained looking back in
time
•Data is often gathered from medical records
✔✔Case-Control Study - ✔✔Individuals with the disease (cases) and those not
experiencing the disease (controls) are compared.
Compares proportions of those who have the exposure and the disease to those who
have exposure and not the disease
Can measure odds ration and sometimes attributable risk
✔✔Cross-Sectional Study - ✔✔Analyze the relationship between disease (or other
health outcomes) and othe r variables of interest pertaining to a defined population at a
particular point in time.
Ie exposure and outcome are measured at the same time
Looks at a "snapshot" at one point of time regarding a health outcome experienced by a
group of people at one point in time. Population-based surveys are considered cross-
sectional surveys.
Participants are not randomize
Exposures and outcomes are collected simultaneously.
✔✔Reliability - ✔✔The ability of test results being replicated if the test is repeated.
✔✔Latent Period - ✔✔The time from exposure of a causal agent to onset of symptoms
of a (usually noninfectious) disease
Latent disease is when symptoms have not yet developed
, Example: TB
Think: Pathogen enters host.
✔✔Incubation Period - ✔✔After the disease process has been triggered, pathological
changes then occur without the individual being aware of them.
This stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of
disease symptoms
Think: Pathogen spreads within host.
✔✔Clinical Disease - ✔✔A disease that has been manifested by its symptoms and
features
✔✔Descriptive Epidemiology - ✔✔Uses to describe the distribution of disease in terms
of person, place, and time Person- age, gender, socioeconomic status Place-
residence, work, school Time- secular trends, epidemic disease outbreaks It provides a
basis for program planning, delivery and evaluation of health services
✔✔Health Disparities - ✔✔- Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury,
violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health.
- Experienced by socially disadvantaged. Involving race, ethnicity, or other population
groups and communities.
Refers to the differences in health status between various populations
✔✔Healthy People 2020 - ✔✔A national document with national objectives that guides
advanced practice nurses to focus on an identified levels of population health care for
persons across the lifespan
✔✔Social justice theory - ✔✔The goal that all people will have equal opportunity to
healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same
Vital to advocacy, health disparities and to outcomes
✔✔How are outcomes determined - ✔✔Public health metrics; mortality and life
expectancies
✔✔Donabedian Model 1980 - ✔✔Structure, Process, and Outcome
used to examine the quality of care/ describing health of the community
Structure: healthcare resources
Process: how healthcare is delivered
Outcome: change in health status after intervention
✔✔Classifying outcomes - ✔✔Who, what, when
Populations? Community?
What type of outcome?
