NR 464 MAIN EXAM SCRIPT 2025 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Hallmark findings of Pre-Renal causes of AKI? - ✔✔Oliguria, urine sodum <20
mEq/L and azotemia
✔✔What does RIFLE mnemonic stand for? - ✔✔Staging of AKI:
*R*isk
*I*njury
*F*ailure
*L*oss
*E*nd-Stage
✔✔Thyrotoxicosis (Thyrotoxic Crisis) - ✔✔-Excessive amounts hormones released
-Life-threatening emergency
-Results from stressors
-Thyroidectomy patients at risk
✔✔Thyrotoxicosis clinical manifestations? - ✔✔-Tachycardia, heart fx
-Hyperthermia
-Shock
-Seizures
-Delirium, coma
-Abdominal pain
✔✔Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? - ✔✔-Polydipsia
-Polyuria
-Elevated serum osmolality
✔✔Azotemia - ✔✔*High BUN and creatinine in blood*, approx. ~75% of nephrons non-
functional
✔✔Oliguria - ✔✔100-400mL/day
✔✔Uremia - ✔✔Toxic syndrome in which GFR is majorly low and symptoms manifest
across multiple body systems r/t accumulation of waste products
✔✔Low renal blood flow (RBF) leads to low _______, which is a pre-renal cause of AKI
- ✔✔GFR (pre-renal cause of AKI)
✔✔Can a CT scan be used as a diagnostic for AKI? - ✔✔Yes
✔✔Oliguria phase of AKI (3 signs) - ✔✔-*Metabolic acidosis* (Kussmaul respirations)
-*Sodium imbalance* (*hyponatremia* may lead to cerebral edema)
, -*Potassium excess* (ECG changes!)
✔✔Therapies for elevated potassium levels? - ✔✔-regular Insulin IV
-Sodium bicarbonate
-Calcium gluconate IV
-Hemodialysis
-Sodium Polystyrene
-Dietary restriction
✔✔What labs might be abnormal during the oliguria phase? - ✔✔WBC (leukocytosis -
elevated risk for infection!), Mg, Hct, UA, PLT, etc.
✔✔Target Hgb for AKI treatment? - ✔✔No more than 12 g/dL: give iron and FA
supplements
✔✔What to monitor for during diuretic phase of AKI? - ✔✔-Hyponatremia, hypokalemia,
dehydration
✔✔During the diuretic phase, is urine output less or more than oliguric phase? -
✔✔Much more! 1-3L / day or much more
✔✔What labs might indicate an intra-renal AKI? - ✔✔Fixed SG= 1.010, urine osmol =
300mmol/kg, proteinuria
✔✔Risk factors for CKD? - ✔✔Diabetes, HTN, age > 60, genetics, ethnic minority,
exposure to nephrotoxic drugs
✔✔AV fistulas have a high risk of developing _______ and __________ - ✔✔clots,
infection
✔✔Dialysis Complications (4) - ✔✔-Hypotension (Gentle boluses, avoid BP meds prior
to HD)
-Muscle cramps (slow down removal of fluid)
-Blood loss
-Infection/Sepsis (Hep B immunizations, aseptic technique)
✔✔A patient undergoes peritoneal dialysis exchanges several times each day. What
should the nurse plan to increase in the patient's diet? - ✔✔Protein
✔✔Uncomplicated vs complicated UTI? - ✔✔*Uncomplicated*: usually involves only
bladder, occurs in otherwise normal urinary tract
*Complicated*: Stones, catheters, recurrent infection, pregnancy-induced, diabetes, etc.
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Hallmark findings of Pre-Renal causes of AKI? - ✔✔Oliguria, urine sodum <20
mEq/L and azotemia
✔✔What does RIFLE mnemonic stand for? - ✔✔Staging of AKI:
*R*isk
*I*njury
*F*ailure
*L*oss
*E*nd-Stage
✔✔Thyrotoxicosis (Thyrotoxic Crisis) - ✔✔-Excessive amounts hormones released
-Life-threatening emergency
-Results from stressors
-Thyroidectomy patients at risk
✔✔Thyrotoxicosis clinical manifestations? - ✔✔-Tachycardia, heart fx
-Hyperthermia
-Shock
-Seizures
-Delirium, coma
-Abdominal pain
✔✔Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? - ✔✔-Polydipsia
-Polyuria
-Elevated serum osmolality
✔✔Azotemia - ✔✔*High BUN and creatinine in blood*, approx. ~75% of nephrons non-
functional
✔✔Oliguria - ✔✔100-400mL/day
✔✔Uremia - ✔✔Toxic syndrome in which GFR is majorly low and symptoms manifest
across multiple body systems r/t accumulation of waste products
✔✔Low renal blood flow (RBF) leads to low _______, which is a pre-renal cause of AKI
- ✔✔GFR (pre-renal cause of AKI)
✔✔Can a CT scan be used as a diagnostic for AKI? - ✔✔Yes
✔✔Oliguria phase of AKI (3 signs) - ✔✔-*Metabolic acidosis* (Kussmaul respirations)
-*Sodium imbalance* (*hyponatremia* may lead to cerebral edema)
, -*Potassium excess* (ECG changes!)
✔✔Therapies for elevated potassium levels? - ✔✔-regular Insulin IV
-Sodium bicarbonate
-Calcium gluconate IV
-Hemodialysis
-Sodium Polystyrene
-Dietary restriction
✔✔What labs might be abnormal during the oliguria phase? - ✔✔WBC (leukocytosis -
elevated risk for infection!), Mg, Hct, UA, PLT, etc.
✔✔Target Hgb for AKI treatment? - ✔✔No more than 12 g/dL: give iron and FA
supplements
✔✔What to monitor for during diuretic phase of AKI? - ✔✔-Hyponatremia, hypokalemia,
dehydration
✔✔During the diuretic phase, is urine output less or more than oliguric phase? -
✔✔Much more! 1-3L / day or much more
✔✔What labs might indicate an intra-renal AKI? - ✔✔Fixed SG= 1.010, urine osmol =
300mmol/kg, proteinuria
✔✔Risk factors for CKD? - ✔✔Diabetes, HTN, age > 60, genetics, ethnic minority,
exposure to nephrotoxic drugs
✔✔AV fistulas have a high risk of developing _______ and __________ - ✔✔clots,
infection
✔✔Dialysis Complications (4) - ✔✔-Hypotension (Gentle boluses, avoid BP meds prior
to HD)
-Muscle cramps (slow down removal of fluid)
-Blood loss
-Infection/Sepsis (Hep B immunizations, aseptic technique)
✔✔A patient undergoes peritoneal dialysis exchanges several times each day. What
should the nurse plan to increase in the patient's diet? - ✔✔Protein
✔✔Uncomplicated vs complicated UTI? - ✔✔*Uncomplicated*: usually involves only
bladder, occurs in otherwise normal urinary tract
*Complicated*: Stones, catheters, recurrent infection, pregnancy-induced, diabetes, etc.
