TEST BANK FOR Advanced Assessment Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses 4th Edition Goolsby Chapters 1 - 22 | Complete

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision Making: An Overview Chapter 2. Genomic Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses Chapter 3. Skin Chapter 4. Head, Face, and Neck Chapter 5. The Eye Chapter 6. Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat Chapter 7. Cardiac and Peripheral Vascular Systems Chapter 8. Respiratory System Chapter 9. Breasts Chapter 10. Abdomen Chapter 11. Genitourinary System Chapter 12. Male Reproductive System Chapter 13. Female Reproductive System Chapter 14. Musculoskeletal System Chapter 15. Neurological System Chapter 16. Nonspecific Complaints Chapter 17. Psychiatric Mental Health Chapter 18. Pediatric Patients Chapter 19. Pregnant Patients Chapter 20. Assessment of the Transgender or Gender Diverse Adult Chapter 21. Older Patients Chapter 22. Persons With Disabilities Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision Making: An Overview Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable? A. Intuitive B. Analytical C. Experiential D. Augenblick 2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care providers must be: A. Methodical and systematic B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and nonverbal language C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses D. Adept at reading into the patient’sstatements 3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except: A. Chief complaint B. History of the present illness C. Current vital signs D. All of the above are essential history components 4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to: A. Differentiate between normal and abnormal findings B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions and their associated signs and symptoms C. Recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other conditions D. Foresee unpredictable findings 5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic statistics: A. Evidence-based investigations B. Primary reports of research C. Estimation based on a provider’s experience D. Published meta-analyses 6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making: A. Algorithmpublished in a peer-reviewed journal article B. Clinical practice guidelines C. Evidence-based research D. All of the above 7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a: A. High percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result B. Low percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result C. Low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given condition D. None of the above 8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a: A. Low percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result B. High percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result C. High percentage of individuals with a disorder will show a normal result D. Low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show an abnormal result 9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a: A. Positive result is strongly associated with the disease B. Negative result is strongly associated with absence of the disease C. Positive result is weakly associated with the disease D. Negative result is weakly associated with absence of the disease 10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-based resource based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations, settings, and/or patients? A. Clinical practice guideline B. Clinical decision rule C. Clinical algorithm Chapter 1: Clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, evidence-based practice, and symptom ana Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: B Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making: intuitive and analytical. Intuitive decisionmaking (similar to Augenblink decision-making) is based on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly common errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on careful consideration and has greater reliability with rare errors. PTS: 1 2. ANS: D To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s verbal and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to questions. Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of uncertainty. PTS: 1 3. ANS: C Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the health history. PTS: 1 4. ANS: D While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate between normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions, including their associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal findings. PTS: 1 5. ANS: C Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and published meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely used and available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a provider’s experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the availability of evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an increasing expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical decision-making. PTS: 1 6. ANS: D To assist in clinical decision-making, a number of evidence-based resources have been developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied. PTS: 1 7. ANS: A The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target condition who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a greater percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result. PTS: 1 8. ANS: B The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals who will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition. PTS: 1 9. ANS: A The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an absence of the disease.