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NRSG 2630 Exam 3 - Cardiac Part 1 Exam
Questions And Answers Latest Updated 2025
|100% Verified.
What are the four chambers of the heart in order of blood flow? - Answer✔Right atrium, right
ventircle, left atrium, left ventricle
What is the order of blood flow through the cardiac valves? - Answer✔Tricuspid, pulmonic,
mitral, aortic
Define systole and diastole? - Answer✔Systole is the contraction of the heart/ventricles, while
diastole is the relaxation of the heart/ventricles
What is preload? - Answer✔The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
What is afterload? - Answer✔The systemic resistance against which the ventricles must pump
What is the formula for cardiac output? - Answer✔CO = SV x HR
What is cardiac output? - Answer✔The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
minute
What is stroke volume? - Answer✔The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one
beat/contraction
1
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
What is a normal blood pressure? - Answer✔120/80
100-120 systolic
60-80 diastolic
What are common causes of infective endocarditis? - Answer✔- IVDA
- bacteria
- fungus
What is the most common cause of endocarditis? - Answer✔Bacteria
What are characteristics of subacute (chronic) endocarditis? - Answer✔- preexisting valve
disease
- longer clinical course
What are characteristics of acute endocarditis? - Answer✔- healthy valves
- rapidly progressive
Explain the pathophysiology of endocarditis. What are the three stages? - Answer✔Occurs
when blood turbulence within the heart allows causative organism to infect previously
damaged valves or other endothelial surfaces
- bacteremia
- adhesion
- vegetation
What are the principle risk factors for endocarditis? - Answer✔- age > 60
- IV drug abuse
- posthetic valves
2
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- use of intravascular devices
- renal dialysis
What is the biggest complication risk for patiets with endocarditis? - Answer✔Clots
Vegetation often breaks off and enters the circulation
As many as 50% of patients with IE will experience an embolism
What is vegetation? - Answer✔Fibrin, leukocytes, platelets, and microbes adhere to the valve
or endocardium
Where do right and left sided vegetation most often travel? - Answer✔Left side: brain, kidneys,
spleen, liver, and limbs
Right side: lungs
What are some of the nonspecific clinical manifestations of endocarditis? - Answer✔- low grade
fever
- chills
- weakness
- malaise
- fatigue
- anorexia
What are clinical manifestations specific to endocarditis? - Answer✔Severe chest pain
- *localized over the anterior chest* (not radiating)
- intensifies with respiration
- *relieved when sitting forward*
3
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Pericardial friction rub
- best heard when patient sits up and forward
What are common vascular manifestations of endocarditis? - Answer✔- petechiae
- Janeway lesions (nontender, flat sores on the palms and soles)
- Osler's nodes (tender red/purple nodules on the fingers and toes)
- Roth's spots (hemorrhagic retinal lesions)
- splinter nail beds
- shortness of breath
- murmur
What are clinical manifestations specific to chronic endocarditis? - Answer✔- arthralgias
- myalgias
- back pain
- abdominal discomfort
- *weight loss*
- headache
- *clubbing of fingers (splintering)*
What are diagnostic studies for infective endocarditis? - Answer✔Primary: *blood cultures*
- 2 cultures drawn 30 minutes apart from 2 different sites
- not a definitive dx (abx could cause false neg)
- keep cultures for 3 weeks to monitor slow bacteria/fungal growth
- hx
- CBC with diff
- ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP)
4
NRSG 2630 Exam 3 - Cardiac Part 1 Exam
Questions And Answers Latest Updated 2025
|100% Verified.
What are the four chambers of the heart in order of blood flow? - Answer✔Right atrium, right
ventircle, left atrium, left ventricle
What is the order of blood flow through the cardiac valves? - Answer✔Tricuspid, pulmonic,
mitral, aortic
Define systole and diastole? - Answer✔Systole is the contraction of the heart/ventricles, while
diastole is the relaxation of the heart/ventricles
What is preload? - Answer✔The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
What is afterload? - Answer✔The systemic resistance against which the ventricles must pump
What is the formula for cardiac output? - Answer✔CO = SV x HR
What is cardiac output? - Answer✔The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
minute
What is stroke volume? - Answer✔The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one
beat/contraction
1
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
What is a normal blood pressure? - Answer✔120/80
100-120 systolic
60-80 diastolic
What are common causes of infective endocarditis? - Answer✔- IVDA
- bacteria
- fungus
What is the most common cause of endocarditis? - Answer✔Bacteria
What are characteristics of subacute (chronic) endocarditis? - Answer✔- preexisting valve
disease
- longer clinical course
What are characteristics of acute endocarditis? - Answer✔- healthy valves
- rapidly progressive
Explain the pathophysiology of endocarditis. What are the three stages? - Answer✔Occurs
when blood turbulence within the heart allows causative organism to infect previously
damaged valves or other endothelial surfaces
- bacteremia
- adhesion
- vegetation
What are the principle risk factors for endocarditis? - Answer✔- age > 60
- IV drug abuse
- posthetic valves
2
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
- use of intravascular devices
- renal dialysis
What is the biggest complication risk for patiets with endocarditis? - Answer✔Clots
Vegetation often breaks off and enters the circulation
As many as 50% of patients with IE will experience an embolism
What is vegetation? - Answer✔Fibrin, leukocytes, platelets, and microbes adhere to the valve
or endocardium
Where do right and left sided vegetation most often travel? - Answer✔Left side: brain, kidneys,
spleen, liver, and limbs
Right side: lungs
What are some of the nonspecific clinical manifestations of endocarditis? - Answer✔- low grade
fever
- chills
- weakness
- malaise
- fatigue
- anorexia
What are clinical manifestations specific to endocarditis? - Answer✔Severe chest pain
- *localized over the anterior chest* (not radiating)
- intensifies with respiration
- *relieved when sitting forward*
3
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Pericardial friction rub
- best heard when patient sits up and forward
What are common vascular manifestations of endocarditis? - Answer✔- petechiae
- Janeway lesions (nontender, flat sores on the palms and soles)
- Osler's nodes (tender red/purple nodules on the fingers and toes)
- Roth's spots (hemorrhagic retinal lesions)
- splinter nail beds
- shortness of breath
- murmur
What are clinical manifestations specific to chronic endocarditis? - Answer✔- arthralgias
- myalgias
- back pain
- abdominal discomfort
- *weight loss*
- headache
- *clubbing of fingers (splintering)*
What are diagnostic studies for infective endocarditis? - Answer✔Primary: *blood cultures*
- 2 cultures drawn 30 minutes apart from 2 different sites
- not a definitive dx (abx could cause false neg)
- keep cultures for 3 weeks to monitor slow bacteria/fungal growth
- hx
- CBC with diff
- ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP)
4
