PSYC62 Final Exam 280 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (A+ GUIDE
SOLUTION) NEWEST 2025/2026
Caffeine - Answerpsychostimulant compound and member of the xanthine chemical
class
Colas contain caffeine from... - Answer... Kola nuts
Chocolate contains caffeine from... - Answer... cocoa nuts
Darker roast coffees, which are roasted longer, tend to have... - Answer... less
caffeine content than lighter-roast coffees
Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages - Answerbeverages made by mixing energy drinks
with alcohol. Energy-drink component of these beverages temporarily counter alcohol's
intoxicating effects, thus facilitating excess drinking and increase risk of alcohol
poisoning
Before 1,000 A.D. people normally consumed coffee by... - Answer... eating the
beans. Afterward, brewing became popular
Caffeine first extracted and described in... - Answer... 1819. Chemical properties
identified in 1881. Other xanthine discoveries soon followed
Peak blood levels of caffeine are reached... - Answer... after 30 minutes
Peak plasma levels of caffeine are reached... - Answer... after two hours
Liver metabolizes caffeine, primarily by... - Answer... CYP-1A2 and, to a lesser extent,
CYP-2E1
Smoking enhances... - Answer... CYP-1A2 activity, increasing metabolism of caffeine
Caffeine metabolism produces active metabolites that belong to xanthine class of
drugs... - Answer... (theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine). The latter isn't
found in plants, but metabolically converted from caffeine
Body mainly eliminates caffeine through... - Answer... kidneys. Rate of elimination
varies 3-10 hours
,Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is... - Answer... on adenosine A1 and A2
receptors (which has inhibitory effects on neurons throughout CNS and PNS)
Caffeinism - Answerconsuming high doses caffeine doses. Leads to condition
characterized by agitation, anxiety, insomnia, negative mood, and rapid heart rate and
high blood pressure
Energy drinks can cause... - Answer... hypertension, abdominal pain, and seizures
when administered at high enough quantities. Clinical ingredients may interact with
psychoactive medication
Tolerance occurs with many of caffeine's... - Answer... acute subjective effects
(positive mood, alertness, and anxiousness)
Tolerance may not occur with caffeine's... - Answer... physiological effects
(cardiovascular changes and blood-vessel constriction)
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) - Answeralcohol that functions as a CNS depressant
Percentage Alcohol - Answernumber of grams of alcohol found in 100 mL of solution
Proof of Alcohol - Answernumerical value that is double the percentage of alcohol
Fermentation - Answeralcohol production using yeast cells and type of starch (e.g.
grains or fruit)
Fruit Wines - Answerwines made from fruits other than grapes
Distilled Alcoholic Beverages (Spirits) - Answerproduced through distillation. Have
higher alcohol content than beer and wine. Separates alcohol from fermentation
procedure
Standard Drink - Answercontains 14 g of 100% alcohol. Equivalent to ~2/3 fluid ounce
18th Amendment - Answerbanned sale and distribution of alcohol
21st Amendment - Answerrepelled the 18th Amendment in 1933. Some communities
and towns still remain dry to this day
Alcohol is highly soluble... - Answer... in fat and water, allowing for easy absorption
into tissue
, In intestines, alcohol impairs... - Answer... thiamine transporter function (Vitamin B1),
reducing its availability for critical cellular functions in the body
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) - Answermeasures amount of alcohol in the body.
Number of grams of alcohol in 100 mL volume of blood
Minimum BAC from alcoholic drink occurs after... - Answer... approximately 45
minutes
Alcohol Dehydrogenase - Answermetabolizes alcohol
Acetaldehyde - Answermetabolite produced by enzymatic conversion with alcohol
dehydrogenase. A chemical that produces noxious effects
Acetaldehyde converts to acetic acid and acetate by forms... - Answer... of aldehyde
dehydrogenase. Another process converts acetic acid and acetate to CO2 and water
Little alcohol metabolism occurs in empty stomach because... - Answer... alcohol is
quickly digested into intestines in absence of food
After saturating alcohol metabolic enzymes, the elimination rate of alcohol... -
Answer... approximates reductions in half-lives, resembling first-order kinetics
Pharmacological actions of alcohol involve... - Answer... GABA, glutamate,
endogenous opioids, dopamine, serotonin, and endocannabinoid systems
Alcohol directly acts on... - Answer... ionotropic GABAA receptors, producing
inhibitory effects as a positive modulator
Many structures contain GABAA receptors. The most relevant to alcohol's CNS
depressing effects is in... - Answer... the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus
GABAA receptors also mediate alcohol's reinforcing effects by... - Answer... 1. Alcohol
facilitates GABAA activity in nucleus accumbens, produce reinforcing effect
2. Alcohol activates GABAA on VTA. Causes reduction in GABA release, decreasing
inhibition of dopamine neurons, which enhance their release at nucleus accumbens
In the ventral tegmental area... - Answer... β-endorphin activates inhibitory opioid
receptors on these GABA neurons, further contributing to diminished GABA release
Chronic alcohol administration causes changes in alcohol's effect on GABA neurons
by:... - Answer... 1. Chronic administration reduces number of GABAA receptors
2. GABAA receptors become less affected by alcohol
3. Alcohol produces lower increases in β-endorphin; less inhibition of GABA neurons
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (A+ GUIDE
SOLUTION) NEWEST 2025/2026
Caffeine - Answerpsychostimulant compound and member of the xanthine chemical
class
Colas contain caffeine from... - Answer... Kola nuts
Chocolate contains caffeine from... - Answer... cocoa nuts
Darker roast coffees, which are roasted longer, tend to have... - Answer... less
caffeine content than lighter-roast coffees
Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages - Answerbeverages made by mixing energy drinks
with alcohol. Energy-drink component of these beverages temporarily counter alcohol's
intoxicating effects, thus facilitating excess drinking and increase risk of alcohol
poisoning
Before 1,000 A.D. people normally consumed coffee by... - Answer... eating the
beans. Afterward, brewing became popular
Caffeine first extracted and described in... - Answer... 1819. Chemical properties
identified in 1881. Other xanthine discoveries soon followed
Peak blood levels of caffeine are reached... - Answer... after 30 minutes
Peak plasma levels of caffeine are reached... - Answer... after two hours
Liver metabolizes caffeine, primarily by... - Answer... CYP-1A2 and, to a lesser extent,
CYP-2E1
Smoking enhances... - Answer... CYP-1A2 activity, increasing metabolism of caffeine
Caffeine metabolism produces active metabolites that belong to xanthine class of
drugs... - Answer... (theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine). The latter isn't
found in plants, but metabolically converted from caffeine
Body mainly eliminates caffeine through... - Answer... kidneys. Rate of elimination
varies 3-10 hours
,Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is... - Answer... on adenosine A1 and A2
receptors (which has inhibitory effects on neurons throughout CNS and PNS)
Caffeinism - Answerconsuming high doses caffeine doses. Leads to condition
characterized by agitation, anxiety, insomnia, negative mood, and rapid heart rate and
high blood pressure
Energy drinks can cause... - Answer... hypertension, abdominal pain, and seizures
when administered at high enough quantities. Clinical ingredients may interact with
psychoactive medication
Tolerance occurs with many of caffeine's... - Answer... acute subjective effects
(positive mood, alertness, and anxiousness)
Tolerance may not occur with caffeine's... - Answer... physiological effects
(cardiovascular changes and blood-vessel constriction)
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) - Answeralcohol that functions as a CNS depressant
Percentage Alcohol - Answernumber of grams of alcohol found in 100 mL of solution
Proof of Alcohol - Answernumerical value that is double the percentage of alcohol
Fermentation - Answeralcohol production using yeast cells and type of starch (e.g.
grains or fruit)
Fruit Wines - Answerwines made from fruits other than grapes
Distilled Alcoholic Beverages (Spirits) - Answerproduced through distillation. Have
higher alcohol content than beer and wine. Separates alcohol from fermentation
procedure
Standard Drink - Answercontains 14 g of 100% alcohol. Equivalent to ~2/3 fluid ounce
18th Amendment - Answerbanned sale and distribution of alcohol
21st Amendment - Answerrepelled the 18th Amendment in 1933. Some communities
and towns still remain dry to this day
Alcohol is highly soluble... - Answer... in fat and water, allowing for easy absorption
into tissue
, In intestines, alcohol impairs... - Answer... thiamine transporter function (Vitamin B1),
reducing its availability for critical cellular functions in the body
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) - Answermeasures amount of alcohol in the body.
Number of grams of alcohol in 100 mL volume of blood
Minimum BAC from alcoholic drink occurs after... - Answer... approximately 45
minutes
Alcohol Dehydrogenase - Answermetabolizes alcohol
Acetaldehyde - Answermetabolite produced by enzymatic conversion with alcohol
dehydrogenase. A chemical that produces noxious effects
Acetaldehyde converts to acetic acid and acetate by forms... - Answer... of aldehyde
dehydrogenase. Another process converts acetic acid and acetate to CO2 and water
Little alcohol metabolism occurs in empty stomach because... - Answer... alcohol is
quickly digested into intestines in absence of food
After saturating alcohol metabolic enzymes, the elimination rate of alcohol... -
Answer... approximates reductions in half-lives, resembling first-order kinetics
Pharmacological actions of alcohol involve... - Answer... GABA, glutamate,
endogenous opioids, dopamine, serotonin, and endocannabinoid systems
Alcohol directly acts on... - Answer... ionotropic GABAA receptors, producing
inhibitory effects as a positive modulator
Many structures contain GABAA receptors. The most relevant to alcohol's CNS
depressing effects is in... - Answer... the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus
GABAA receptors also mediate alcohol's reinforcing effects by... - Answer... 1. Alcohol
facilitates GABAA activity in nucleus accumbens, produce reinforcing effect
2. Alcohol activates GABAA on VTA. Causes reduction in GABA release, decreasing
inhibition of dopamine neurons, which enhance their release at nucleus accumbens
In the ventral tegmental area... - Answer... β-endorphin activates inhibitory opioid
receptors on these GABA neurons, further contributing to diminished GABA release
Chronic alcohol administration causes changes in alcohol's effect on GABA neurons
by:... - Answer... 1. Chronic administration reduces number of GABAA receptors
2. GABAA receptors become less affected by alcohol
3. Alcohol produces lower increases in β-endorphin; less inhibition of GABA neurons
