Nanomedicine Exam 3 UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the - CORRECT ANSWER - second ;
behind heart disease
most common type of cancer in men? - CORRECT ANSWER - prostate
most common type of cancer in women? - CORRECT ANSWER - breast
T or F: plants can have tumors - CORRECT ANSWER - TRUE
two types of DNA damage that can lead to mutations that can lead to cancer: - CORRECT
ANSWER - 1. internal : intermediates of metabolism (free radicals), DNA replication
errors
2. external : sunlight, carcinogens, ionizing radiation
about how many cells at any point are actively undergoing mitosis? - CORRECT
ANSWER - approx. 20%
different checkpoints for cell cycle: - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. cell growth checkpoint
(during the end of phase G1; checks that cell has grown enough & has made the proper proteins
for the synthesis phase) if not cell goes to G0 phase
2. DNA synthesis checkpoint: occurs during synthesis (S phase); checks whether DNA has been
correctly replicated
3. mitosis checkpoint: occurs during mitosis phase (M phase); checks whether mitosis is
complete, if so cell divides and then works to repeat the whole process
, what is notable about the START checkpoint? - CORRECT ANSWER - once cells have
passed START, they are committed to enter the S phase and replicate their DNA
T or F: progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by external and internal signals - CORRECT
ANSWER - TRUE
what does ERKs stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Extracellular signal-Regulated
protein Kinases
how does the MAPK/Ras pathway work? - CORRECT ANSWER - ultimately ERK-1
enters the nucleus and activates transcription factors that lead to the expression of Cyclin D-1
what goes wrong in the MAPK/Ras pathway that leads to cancer? - CORRECT
ANSWER - - can be a loss of control over cell division --> a mutation in the pathway can
lead to the pathway always being on, which results in cells dividing indefinitely ; cyclin D-1 is
continuously made which activates the cell cycle to occur
OR
- can be mutations in the checkpoint proteins (monitor is not working properly) --> Chek2 is a
kinase involved in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest & apoptosis in response to DNA damage
(active in G1, S, G2) and this checkpoint can detect internal and external mutations
**Chek2 is typically activated by the DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM when ATM is
activated
part of TME to know the exam: - CORRECT ANSWER - -natural killer cells (NK)
- tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs form approx. 50% of tumor mass)
- dendritic cells (DCs)
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)
- endothelial stem cell (EC)
Questions and CORRECT Answers
cancer is the ______ leading cause of death in the - CORRECT ANSWER - second ;
behind heart disease
most common type of cancer in men? - CORRECT ANSWER - prostate
most common type of cancer in women? - CORRECT ANSWER - breast
T or F: plants can have tumors - CORRECT ANSWER - TRUE
two types of DNA damage that can lead to mutations that can lead to cancer: - CORRECT
ANSWER - 1. internal : intermediates of metabolism (free radicals), DNA replication
errors
2. external : sunlight, carcinogens, ionizing radiation
about how many cells at any point are actively undergoing mitosis? - CORRECT
ANSWER - approx. 20%
different checkpoints for cell cycle: - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. cell growth checkpoint
(during the end of phase G1; checks that cell has grown enough & has made the proper proteins
for the synthesis phase) if not cell goes to G0 phase
2. DNA synthesis checkpoint: occurs during synthesis (S phase); checks whether DNA has been
correctly replicated
3. mitosis checkpoint: occurs during mitosis phase (M phase); checks whether mitosis is
complete, if so cell divides and then works to repeat the whole process
, what is notable about the START checkpoint? - CORRECT ANSWER - once cells have
passed START, they are committed to enter the S phase and replicate their DNA
T or F: progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by external and internal signals - CORRECT
ANSWER - TRUE
what does ERKs stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Extracellular signal-Regulated
protein Kinases
how does the MAPK/Ras pathway work? - CORRECT ANSWER - ultimately ERK-1
enters the nucleus and activates transcription factors that lead to the expression of Cyclin D-1
what goes wrong in the MAPK/Ras pathway that leads to cancer? - CORRECT
ANSWER - - can be a loss of control over cell division --> a mutation in the pathway can
lead to the pathway always being on, which results in cells dividing indefinitely ; cyclin D-1 is
continuously made which activates the cell cycle to occur
OR
- can be mutations in the checkpoint proteins (monitor is not working properly) --> Chek2 is a
kinase involved in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest & apoptosis in response to DNA damage
(active in G1, S, G2) and this checkpoint can detect internal and external mutations
**Chek2 is typically activated by the DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM when ATM is
activated
part of TME to know the exam: - CORRECT ANSWER - -natural killer cells (NK)
- tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs form approx. 50% of tumor mass)
- dendritic cells (DCs)
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)
- endothelial stem cell (EC)
