AQA Psychology Paper 2 Past Paper Questions with correct answers

AQA Psychology Paper 2 Past Paper
Questions

(June 2022) 1. Describe psychosexual stages as outlined in the psychodynamic
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vapproach. [6 marks] - answer-Possible content: v v v v v v


• there are 5 developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital)
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• oral (0-1yr) - focus of pleasure is the mouth and the mother's breast is the focus of
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vdesire v


• anal (1-3yrs) - focus of pleasure is the anus and child focuses on withholding and
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vexpelling faeces v v


• phallic (3-5yrs) - focus of pleasure is genitals and children experience the
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vOedipus/Electra complex v v


• latency (6-12yrs) - previous conflicts are resolved/repressed and early years are largely
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vforgotten v


• genital (12yrs/puberty-adulthood) - sexual desires become conscious with the onset of
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vpuberty v




Credit other relevant material, eg fixation. Note: not all stages need to be described for
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full marks to be awarded.
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(June 2022) 2.At a local school, teachers took part in Active Lifestyle Week to encourage
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vstudents to become more active. The week involved daily staff netball matches during
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vbreaktimes and a step count challenge. Two of the teachers were talking at the end of
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vthe week. Miss Honey said, "That was such a great week! I felt proud to win the staff
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vstep count challenge and receive the medal in assembly and demonstrate the joy of
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vsport. My students loved watching us compete, I really think it will inspire them to be
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vmore active themselves!" Mrs Wilson replied, "It's alright for you, you're young and the
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vstudents like you. My students were so embarrassed to see me tripping over in netball. I
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vthink I may have put them off sport forever!"
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Apart from mediational processes, use your knowledge of social learning theory to
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explain Miss Honey's and Mrs Wilson's comments. [6 marks] - answer-Possible content
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(Banded Q):
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• observational learning - both teachers' comments suggest that they believe their
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behaviour will influence their students' behaviour, eg, Miss Honey says, "I think it will
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inspire them to be more active themselves!".
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• imitation - Mrs Wilson does not feel students will want to imitate her - "I think I may
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have put them off sport forever!", whereas Miss Honey feels students will want to imitate
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her - "I really think it will inspire them to be more active themselves!"
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,• modelling - the teachers will act as role models for their students as they have higher
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status in school
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• identification - students are more likely to identify with Miss Honey (than Mrs Wilson) as
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Mrs Wilson said to Miss Honey, "you're young and the students like you".
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• vicarious reinforcement - when students see Miss Honey rewarded for adopting a more
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active lifestyle, eg, Miss Honey says, "I felt proud to win the staff step count challenge
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and receive the medal in assembly". When students see Mrs Wilson "tripping over" in
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netball they will not want to imitate her and so will not adopt a more active lifestyle.
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(June 2022) 3. Whether or not students learn to be more active box could depend on
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vmediational processes. Explain how mediational processes might be involved in the
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vstudents becoming more active. [4 marks] - answer-Possible content:
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• attention - students will notice their teachers demonstrating a more active lifestyle, eg
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vcompeting in staff netball matches during breaktime/Miss Honey receiving the medal for
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vthe step count challenge in assembly/Mrs Wilson falling over, etc
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• retention - students' memories will be strengthened through seeing repetition of the
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vactivities, eg daily netball matches and/or emotional/funny event, eg Mrs Wilson tripping
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vover in netball v v v


• reproduction - the active behaviours being modelled can be reproduced by the
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vstudents, eg step count challenge is a simple activity that does not require inaccessible
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vequipment/fitness to be able to perform v v v v v v


• motivation - students are more likely to adopt the demonstrated active lifestyle if the
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vperceived rewards (eg winning the st v v v v v




(June 2022) 7. Describe the divisions of the nervous system box . [6 marks] - answer-
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Possible content: v v


• the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems
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• the CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord
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• the peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system and
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vthe autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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• the somatic nervous system consists of sensory and motor neurons to carry sensory
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vand motor information to and from the CNS and also enables reflex actions
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• the ANS acts largely unconsciously/involuntary
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• the ANS is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the
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vparasympathetic nervous system (PNS) v v v v


• the SNS prepares us for flight or fight
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• the PNS balances the sympathetic nervous system providing 'rest and digest'
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vfunctions.

(June 2022) RM STEM: A controlled observation was designed to compare the social
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vbehaviours of pre-school children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-
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home parents. The sample consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed
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vseparately. Half of the children had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home
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vparents. The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety
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vof toys available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
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vbehaviour was not recorded. Each child participant was brought into the room and
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, vsettled by their parent. The parent then left to sit outside. Each child participant's
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vbehaviour was observed covertly for five minutes while they played in the room. The
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vobservation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script was
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vused when the children and their parents arrived. - answer-Use the stem to answer the
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vQuestions!

(June 2022) 9. Explain why the researcher used a controlled observation and a
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vstandardised script in this study. [4 marks] - answer-Possible content: v v v v v v v v v v


• a standardised script would ensure the same greeting was given to the children and
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vtheir parents when they arrived, providing a high level of control
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• without using a standardised script, the researcher's welcome may vary causing
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vunintentional bias, eg may use more child-friendly vocabulary which may make the child
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vless anxious and thus more sociable, etc
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• using a controlled observation helps to reduce extraneous variables which may have
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van impact on the social behaviour of the children, affecting the validity of the study.
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(June 2022) 11. The researcher used two trained observers to record the social
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vbehaviours of each child box during the observation. v v v v v v v v




Give TWO behavioural categories that the observers could have used in the observation
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to assess the pre-school children's social behaviour. Explain why your chosen
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categories are appropriate. [4 marks] - answer-Possible behavioural categories:
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• child smiles at another child
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• child shares toys
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• child talks to another child
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• child snatches a toy from another child.
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Possible points: v v


• behavioural categories are appropriate because they focus on social behaviours/are
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objective/visible/mutually exclusive/not ambiguous/not overlapping
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(June 2022) 10. Identify ONE limitation of controlled observations [1 marks] - answer-
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Possible content: v v


• they lack ecological validity/cannot be applied to everyday life/less natural behaviour
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• effects of demand characteristics are more likely (Hawthorne effect).
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(June 2022) 12. Describe how the observers could use time sampling to record the
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vsocial behaviour of each child during the five-minute period. [4 marks] - answer-Possible
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vcontent: v


• record the child's behaviour at set time intervals during the five-minute period, eg every
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v20 seconds v v


• at the specified time intervals, tick/mark one or more categories from the behavioural
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vchecklist according to the behaviour exhibited by the observed child, eg if the child is
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vsmiling and chatting to another child the observer should tick 'smiling at another child'
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vand 'talking to another child' from the list of behaviours
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