Community Nursing Exam 1 Questions and Answers

Community Nursing Exam 1 Questions and Answers Geographic Community Defined by geographic boundaries: -neighborhoods -zip codes -cities/towns Examples: -rate of death and disease -rankings of zip codes Common- Interest Community or Goal -Defined as a group of people who have a common interest of goal that binds the members together Examples: -congregations who have members dispersed throughout a region -people who are connected because of a common health history -Mother's against drunk drivers -ryan white care act -susan g komen foundation Community of Solution -People come together to solve a problem... DUH -Local states of emergency (HIV/AIDS) -obesity reduction campaigns Monitor health status to identify community health problems -participate in community assessment -identify sub-populations at risk for disease or disability -collect information on interventions to special populations -define and evaluate effective strategies and programs -identify potential environmental hazards Diagnose and investigate healthy problems and hazards in the community -understand and identify determinants of health and disease -apply knowledge about environmental influences of health -recognize multiple causes or factors of health and illness -participate in case identification and treatment of persons with communicable disease Inform, educate and empower people about health issues -develop health and educational plans for individuals and families in multiple settings Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems -interact regularly with many providers and services within each community Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts -participate in community and family decision-making processes Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety -regulate and support safe care and treatment for dependent populations such as children and frail older adults Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care that is otherwise unavailable -provide clinical preventive services to certain high-risk populations Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce -partipate in continuing education and preparation to ensure competence Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population-based health services -collect data and information related to community interventions Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems -implement nontraditional interventions and approaches to effect change in special population Population -ALL of the people occupying an area -common qualities or characteristics Aggregate -A mass or grouping of distinct individuals who are considered as a who are loosely associated with one another Ex: -Pregnant and parenting teens vs. pregnant and parenting adults -elderly african americans with diabetes vs elderly whites with diabetes Healthy People 2020 -attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable diseases and death -improve health of all groups -social and physical environments that promote good health -promote quality of life Competent Community does... 1. collaborate effectively 2. achieve working goals and priorities 3. agree on ways and means to implement the agreed on goals 4. collaborate effectively Primary Prevention -PREVENTION -measures taken to keep illness from occurring EX: -vaccinations -encourage elderly to use safety devices to prevent falls -education about healthy lifestyle behaviors Secondary Prevention -SCREENING -efforts to detect and treat existing health problems at the earliest stages EX: -HTN screening -Cholesterol screening -diabetes -breast cancer -prostate cancer Tertiary Prevention -TREATMENT/REHAB -reduces the extent and severity of health problem to its lowest possible level and/or restore or preserve function EX: -tx or rehab after stroke -early tx of diabetes to slow progression -AA -Transition Homes "Halfway houses" Community Health Nursing -to Preserve, Protect, Promote or Maintain the health of the community Community- ORIENTED nursing Focus is on: -health promotion -health education -disease prevention/coordination -identify high risk groups in community Community- BASED nursing Focus is on: -FAMILIES -oriented toward managing minor acute and chronic conditions where people work, live, or attend school -promote self care among FAMILIES Public Health Nursing -Goal is to prevent disease and disability, promote and protect the community as a whole Emphasis is on: -health promotion -health protection -disease prevention Egyptian nursing -medicine viewed as mystic and priestly (physician and priest were one in the same) -advanced anatomy and surgical procedures were developed in stone age/age of metal ***this culture is responsible for exploring the procedure of EMBALMING/PRESEVING the first people for next life (think mummies) ******First culture to be concerned about public health problems like famine and malnutrition Egyptian Medicine/Culture -doctors advice differed if you were rich or poor -no female nurses to help the doctors, only murses Greece Nursing -Greek mythology introduced the concept of women's involvement in the healing arts -Nursing was consider noble Hippocrates: -instructed caregivers to use their eyes and ears, and reason from facts rather than gratuitous assumptions -"to do no harm" philosophy when caring for someone His theories are accepted nursing practices: -fluid only diet for fevers -cold sponging for high temperatures -hot gargles for acute tonsillitis Hygeia/Panacea -Means "restorer of health" -goddess of health, represents cleanliness and sanitation -hygeia= hygiene BOOM Israel -viewed goes as source of health and disease -Mosaic Law are the foundation for public health nursing: -rules of nursing for contagious disease -hospitality and charity for anyone in need -Book of Genesis, Deborah was the first nurse spoken about in the bible Old Testament Teaching: Wound, Skin and Discharge Precautions -Anyone that touches a person with a "running issue" they become unclean -Today: PPE, universal precautions, wash yo hands Old Testament Teaching: Waste Disposal -wash or burn used dressings -Today: objects and dressings contaminated with bodily fluids are removed for incineration -dispose of needles, syringes, utensils Old Testament Teaching: Isolation -until diagnosis, people were isolated for observation -people were required to wear a covering over their most hand shout UNCLEAN -Today: strict isolation with private air -door kept closed with marked sign Old Testament Teaching: Burial precautions -direct contact with dead required washing of body and garments -when someone died in a room, all in the room was declared unclean Old Testament Teaching: Food and drinking water safety -carcass of animal found in drinking water, water was then forbidden and considered unclean -running water like a spring is considered clean because it renews water -Today: don't drink gross water Old Testament Teaching: Unlawful lifestyles and disease -israelites were forbidden to have sex outside of marriage -biblical plan had husband and wife in exclusive marriage to prevent spread of STDs -Today: STDs continue to be the world's leading infectious disease Flo Nightingale's Founder of Modern Health -Private money from the London Times provided her with needed supplies -established policies that included governmental sanitation commission -death rate fell by 2/3 -nickname: Lady with the Lamp and Nightingale in the East -biggest accomplishment: advocating for reform of medical care system in MILITARY and leading expert in the removal of water-transported waste Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent dePaul -Priest Vincent was concerned about the lack of care for the POOR and NEEDY -helped with abandoned babies, homeless and sick living in the streets, hungry beggars everywhere -2 distinguishers: profess a fourth vow of service of the poor, renews vows every year on the Feast of the Annunciation White Wings represent "Charity" -one of the largest religious communities of women. Approx 28,000 -focus in on HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION, and SOCIAL MINISTRY Sisters of Mercy -Found by Mother Catherin McAuley -began visiting the sick in their homes -visited wards of hospitals to bring consolation to pts Kaiserserwerth Deaconesses -training lasted 3 years -branches of work: relief of the POOR, care of CHILDREN, and work among unfortunate WOMEN Sister Josephine Potel -first congregational leader of the sisters of Bon Secours -means "good or compassionate help" -mission to visit and care for the SICK and POOR in their homes -willingness to CARE FOR ALL regardless of of beliefs or social status was radical in the eyes of catholic church -holister vision: "mind, body and spirit" was innovative -identified wit hBLACK BAGS filled with food, meds, and tonics (gin??) -first glimpse of HOSPICE nursing -first to open a day-care facility to assist working mothers Sisters of Bon Secours -provided first catholic home for physically challenged -opened first convalescent homes -cared for people struggles with addictions in the inner cities Mother Teresa of Calcutta -founder of missionaries of Charity -formed to work with the POOREST OF POOR -dinstinguished by their habit, a blue and white indian sari reflecting the country of their founding Shattuck Report 1850 -first known public health report that reported to MA sanitary commission that linked causes of illness and death to unsanitary health conditions -utilized: birth/death records and demographic data -single finding: INCREASED LIFE EXPECTANCY, 1850 average life span was 25 years, 2000 average span is 75+ Lillian Wald -founder of public health nursing -helped POOR IMMIGRANT families on the Lower East Side of NYC -coined the term public health nurse -concerned about children's absences from school so she started Public School Nursing -created first Board of Health Clara Barton -founder of American Red Cross -distributed supples during Civil War to wounded soldiers -established a neutral relief society in USA that was activated during times of war which late became the American Red Cross Jessie Sleet (Scales) -became the first African-American public health nurse -worked with Lillian wild in NYC 1921 Maternity and Infancy Act -also called SHeppard- Towner Act -first bill to provide full enfranchisement for women and protection for infants 1918 Vassar Camp School for Nurses -shortened nursing education from 3 to 2 years to meet urgent wartime needs -program ended when peace declared Public health nursing (PHN) -monitor TB patients -administer immunizations -provide education to schools -cancer screenings -track communicable disease rates School Nurse Activities -special needs care -general and emergency first aid -vision, hearing, scoliosis, TB screenings -ht wt, BP -oral and dental education -med admin -acute health probz -referrals -identify communicable disease before an outbreaks 5 chronic school nurse conditions -asthma -diabetes -seizures -severe food allergies -ADHD, behavioral disorders -med admin Estelle v Gamble 1976 -US supreme court rule not providing medical services inflicted pain and denied inmates their 8 amendment rights -right to access care -right to professional judgement -right to care that is ordered -right to informed consent -right to refuse tx -right to medical confidentiality Corrections Nursing -maintain the fundamental caring nature of nursing and focused on health care and to remain nonjudgmental toward clients -assist in setting up resources for inmates -work in clinic -review sick call requests/questions -admin meds -assist in med emergencies Targets of Service -persons who are uninsured or underinsured -primarily responsive to the health needs of populations Definitions -organizations that give clients and communities direct access to professional nursing services Services -holistic, client-centered and affordable 5 step health counseling process 1. Ask: person's perceptions 2. Advise: about health concerns and benefits 3. Assess: person's readiness to take action 4. Assist: offer assistance and guidance in planning 5. Arrange: follow-up and support Vulnerable populations -elderly -children -homeless -lack of knowledge of awareness -may not have the ability to speak for themselves -disabled Occupational Health nurse Divided into three categories: 1. compliance 2. care 3. health promotion Quantitative research -data that can be MEASURED objectively -helpful in identifying a problem or a relationship (tx and outcome) Ex: counting the # of children receiving vaccines in the past month, telephone survey methods to determine the use of complementary and alternative health care Qualitative research -this research asks the question HOW or WHY -used when studying phenomenon that little is known about Ex: factors the influence the disclosure of abuse by women of mexican descent? Caucasian? African american? Mixed methods or research -uses both Quan and Qual...... whoa Ex: study examine the experiences and perceptions of nurses working with elderly stoke victims at the adult daycare facilities Dominant Culture -In US, majority is European American -dominant values include work ethic, thrift, success, independence, appearance and a focus on the future 5 characteristics of culture Culture is... -learned -integrated -shared -mostly tacit -dynamic Culture is learned -acquired not inherited Ex: what we eat, wear, how we talk Culture is integrated -culture is a functional, integrated whole -various components of culture perform separate functions but come together as a whole -all parts of culture are inter-related and interdependent Culture is shared -product of aggregated behavior nor individual habit -provide standards for behavior -shows members what to believe and how to act Culture is mostly tacit -provides a guide for human interaction that is tacit- mostly unexpressed and at unconscious level Ex: proper tone of voice, personal space in convo, how to talk to elders, touching someone, calling a person by first name Culture is dynamic -some innovation occurs within any culture where aspects are retained or eliminated -biggest struggles are witnessed with populations Ex: teenagers from southeast asia, chinese culture Biomedical view -dominated by western culture relies on scientific principles and sees diseases and injuries as events controlled by physical and biochemical process Ex: bacteria, fungi, viruses all cause illness, removal of organs that are diseased or treat falls or accidents Magico-Religious view -focus on the control of health and illness by supernatural forces -Crap happens from sinning and god's will -good health is rewarded from god Holistic View -world is a harmonious balance -must be equal in physical, mental, emotional, spiritual health balance Folk medicine -body of preserved treatment practices that has been handed down verbally from generation to generation Home remedies -individualed caregiving practice that are passed down within families Herbalism -OTC products for therapeutic or preventive purposes -SAFETY is biggest concern with contradicting meds, is herb harmful? Health promotion model -individual characteristics and experiences, behavior specific cognitions, and behavioral outcomes all play a contributing factor