Intro to Psychology - Final Exam / Comprehensive
Study Guide Questions Bank / Questions and
Correct Detailed Answers
Terms in this set (290)
Personality A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and
thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of
characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking
that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
Conscious mind Freud's term for what you are presently aware of
Preconscious mind Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are
not presently aware of but can access
Unconscious mind Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot
become aware of.
Id The part of the personality that a person is born with,
where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is
located totally in the unconscious mind.
Pleasure principle The principle of seeking immediate gratification for
instinctual drives without concern for the
consequences
Ego The part of the personality that starts developing in the first
year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's
instinctual drives.
The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives
Reality principle
within the constraints of reality (norms of society).
,Superego The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and
idealized standards of behaviour.
Defense mechanism A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a
person from anxiety.
Erogenous zone The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking
energies are focused during a particular stage of
psychosexual development.
Fixation Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a
psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient
gratification of instinctual needs.
Oral stage of psychosexual First stage in Freud's theory
development Birth to 18 months
Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue
Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting,
sucking, chewing
Anal stage of Second stage in Freud's theory
psychosexual devlopment 18 months to 3 years
Erogenous zone is anus
Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through
having and withholding anal movements
Phallic stage of psychosexual Third stage in Freud's theory
development 3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone is located at genitals
Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation
Oedipus Conflict Freud
Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually
attracted to mother and fears his father will find out and
castrate him.
Process by which children adopt characteristics of
Identification same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense
of morality
,Latency stage of Fourth stage in Freud's theory
psychosexual development 6 years to puberty
No erogenous zone
Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and
social development
Genital stage of Fifth stage in Freud's theory
psychosexual development Puberty to adulthood
Erogenous zone is genitals
Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate
adult relationships
Hierarchy of Needs Motivation
Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are
arranged in a pyramid shape.
From bottom to top:
Physiological (hunger, thirst)
Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)
Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)
Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence)
Self-actualization (live up to potential)
Self-actualization The fullest realization of a person's potential
Conditions of worth The behaviours and attitudes for which other people
(starting with parents) will give us positive regard
Unconditional positive Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by
regard others
Self-system The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes,
evaluates, and regulates their behaviour
Self-efficacy A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular
situations
External locus of control The perception that chance or external forces beyond your
personal control determine your fate
, Internal locus of control The perception that you control your own fate.
Learned helplessness A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is
unable to prevent aversive events.
Attribution The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that
of others
Self-serving bias The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive
oneself favourably
Traits The relatively stable internally based characteristics that
describe a person
Personal inventory An objective personality test that uses a series of
questions or statements for which the test taker must
indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.
Projective test A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to
which the test taker must respond about her perception of
the stimuli
Personality Theories Type Theories
Trait Theories
Type Theories Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics
- Sheldon Somatotypes
- Eysenck
- Type A vs. Type B
Sheldon Somatotypes Type theory of personality
Based on body types
Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered
Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of
solitude
Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of
physical activity
Study Guide Questions Bank / Questions and
Correct Detailed Answers
Terms in this set (290)
Personality A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and
thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of
characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking
that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
Conscious mind Freud's term for what you are presently aware of
Preconscious mind Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are
not presently aware of but can access
Unconscious mind Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot
become aware of.
Id The part of the personality that a person is born with,
where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is
located totally in the unconscious mind.
Pleasure principle The principle of seeking immediate gratification for
instinctual drives without concern for the
consequences
Ego The part of the personality that starts developing in the first
year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's
instinctual drives.
The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives
Reality principle
within the constraints of reality (norms of society).
,Superego The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and
idealized standards of behaviour.
Defense mechanism A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a
person from anxiety.
Erogenous zone The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking
energies are focused during a particular stage of
psychosexual development.
Fixation Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a
psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient
gratification of instinctual needs.
Oral stage of psychosexual First stage in Freud's theory
development Birth to 18 months
Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue
Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting,
sucking, chewing
Anal stage of Second stage in Freud's theory
psychosexual devlopment 18 months to 3 years
Erogenous zone is anus
Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through
having and withholding anal movements
Phallic stage of psychosexual Third stage in Freud's theory
development 3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone is located at genitals
Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation
Oedipus Conflict Freud
Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually
attracted to mother and fears his father will find out and
castrate him.
Process by which children adopt characteristics of
Identification same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense
of morality
,Latency stage of Fourth stage in Freud's theory
psychosexual development 6 years to puberty
No erogenous zone
Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and
social development
Genital stage of Fifth stage in Freud's theory
psychosexual development Puberty to adulthood
Erogenous zone is genitals
Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate
adult relationships
Hierarchy of Needs Motivation
Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are
arranged in a pyramid shape.
From bottom to top:
Physiological (hunger, thirst)
Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)
Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)
Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence)
Self-actualization (live up to potential)
Self-actualization The fullest realization of a person's potential
Conditions of worth The behaviours and attitudes for which other people
(starting with parents) will give us positive regard
Unconditional positive Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by
regard others
Self-system The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes,
evaluates, and regulates their behaviour
Self-efficacy A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular
situations
External locus of control The perception that chance or external forces beyond your
personal control determine your fate
, Internal locus of control The perception that you control your own fate.
Learned helplessness A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is
unable to prevent aversive events.
Attribution The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that
of others
Self-serving bias The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive
oneself favourably
Traits The relatively stable internally based characteristics that
describe a person
Personal inventory An objective personality test that uses a series of
questions or statements for which the test taker must
indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.
Projective test A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to
which the test taker must respond about her perception of
the stimuli
Personality Theories Type Theories
Trait Theories
Type Theories Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics
- Sheldon Somatotypes
- Eysenck
- Type A vs. Type B
Sheldon Somatotypes Type theory of personality
Based on body types
Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered
Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of
solitude
Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of
physical activity
