Energy/work:
1 J = 1 kg m^2/s^2
1 atm = 760 torr or 760 mmhg = 101325 Pa
4.184 J = 1 cal
atmL x 101.3 = J
Electronegativity = Elec Affinity + Ionization energy
Δ𝑈 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 u is intrnal energy
Δ𝑈 𝑜𝑟 𝑞!"!#$% = −Δ𝑈 𝑜𝑟 𝑞!&''(&)*+),!
Δ𝑈 = 𝑞- at constant volume
Work on surroundings neg, work on system pos
Delta H degree Degree sign means 0 deg Celsius, 100 kPa, 1 Molar
Delta H=q/mol
q. = 𝑞- + 𝑃𝛥𝑉
Q=m Cp delta T
Cp (specific heat)=c/m
Cp water = 4.18 J/gcelsius
C (heat capacity) = q/delta T
Density = mass/volume
Density water 1.0 g/mL
Density mercury 13.6 g/mL
W=Fd ; w= -p delta v
1 amu = 1.66 x 10^-24 g
P=mu u=speed
Avg kinetic energy = (mu^2rms )/2
% comp = mass A/total mass x 100%
M0V0=MfVf
, Rules
Oxidation state rules
1.) OS = charge
2.) Group 1 = +1, Group 2 = +2
3.) OS Fluorine = -1
4.) OS Hydrogen = +1
5.) OS Oxygen = -2
6.) Group 15 = -3, Group 16 = -2, Group 17 = -1
Precipitation rules
1.) Na+, K+, NH4+ are soluble
2.) Nitrates, acetate, perchlorates are soluble
3.) Silver, lead, mercury are NOT soluble
4.) Chlorine, bromine, iodine are soluble
5.) Carbonates, phosphates, sulfur, oxygen, hydroxide are NOT
6.) Sulfates are soluble except NOT with calcium, strontium, barium
# Atoms # Lone Pairs Hybridization Electron Molecular Bond Angles
Bonded to On Central Geometry Group Geometry
Central Atom Atom
(includes lone
pairs)
2 0 Sp Linear Linear 180 deg
3 0 Sp^2 Trigonal Planar Trigonal Planar 120 deg
3 1 Sp^2 Trigonal Planar Bent 120 deg
4 0 Sp^3 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral 109.5 deg
4 1 Sp^3 Tetrahedral Trigonal 109.5 deg
Pyramidal
4 2 Sp^3 Tetrahedral Bent 109.5 deg
5 0 Sp^3d Trigonal Trigonal 90 and 120
Bipyramidal Bipyramidal deg
5 1 Sp^3d Trigonal Seesaw 90 and 120
Bipyramidal deg
5 2 Sp^3d Trigonal T-Shaped 90 deg
Bipyramidal
5 3 Sp^3d Trigonal Linear 180 deg
Bipyramidal
6 0 Sp^3d^2 Octahedral Octahedral 90 deg
6 1 Sp^3d^2 Octahedral Square Pyramidal 90 deg
6 2 Sp^3d^2 Octahedral Square Planar 90 deg
Polyatomic Ions
• Ammonium: NH4+ • Carbonate: CO32-
• Acetate: CH3COO- • Hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate: HCO3-
• Cyanide: CN- • Phosphate: PO43-
1 J = 1 kg m^2/s^2
1 atm = 760 torr or 760 mmhg = 101325 Pa
4.184 J = 1 cal
atmL x 101.3 = J
Electronegativity = Elec Affinity + Ionization energy
Δ𝑈 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 u is intrnal energy
Δ𝑈 𝑜𝑟 𝑞!"!#$% = −Δ𝑈 𝑜𝑟 𝑞!&''(&)*+),!
Δ𝑈 = 𝑞- at constant volume
Work on surroundings neg, work on system pos
Delta H degree Degree sign means 0 deg Celsius, 100 kPa, 1 Molar
Delta H=q/mol
q. = 𝑞- + 𝑃𝛥𝑉
Q=m Cp delta T
Cp (specific heat)=c/m
Cp water = 4.18 J/gcelsius
C (heat capacity) = q/delta T
Density = mass/volume
Density water 1.0 g/mL
Density mercury 13.6 g/mL
W=Fd ; w= -p delta v
1 amu = 1.66 x 10^-24 g
P=mu u=speed
Avg kinetic energy = (mu^2rms )/2
% comp = mass A/total mass x 100%
M0V0=MfVf
, Rules
Oxidation state rules
1.) OS = charge
2.) Group 1 = +1, Group 2 = +2
3.) OS Fluorine = -1
4.) OS Hydrogen = +1
5.) OS Oxygen = -2
6.) Group 15 = -3, Group 16 = -2, Group 17 = -1
Precipitation rules
1.) Na+, K+, NH4+ are soluble
2.) Nitrates, acetate, perchlorates are soluble
3.) Silver, lead, mercury are NOT soluble
4.) Chlorine, bromine, iodine are soluble
5.) Carbonates, phosphates, sulfur, oxygen, hydroxide are NOT
6.) Sulfates are soluble except NOT with calcium, strontium, barium
# Atoms # Lone Pairs Hybridization Electron Molecular Bond Angles
Bonded to On Central Geometry Group Geometry
Central Atom Atom
(includes lone
pairs)
2 0 Sp Linear Linear 180 deg
3 0 Sp^2 Trigonal Planar Trigonal Planar 120 deg
3 1 Sp^2 Trigonal Planar Bent 120 deg
4 0 Sp^3 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral 109.5 deg
4 1 Sp^3 Tetrahedral Trigonal 109.5 deg
Pyramidal
4 2 Sp^3 Tetrahedral Bent 109.5 deg
5 0 Sp^3d Trigonal Trigonal 90 and 120
Bipyramidal Bipyramidal deg
5 1 Sp^3d Trigonal Seesaw 90 and 120
Bipyramidal deg
5 2 Sp^3d Trigonal T-Shaped 90 deg
Bipyramidal
5 3 Sp^3d Trigonal Linear 180 deg
Bipyramidal
6 0 Sp^3d^2 Octahedral Octahedral 90 deg
6 1 Sp^3d^2 Octahedral Square Pyramidal 90 deg
6 2 Sp^3d^2 Octahedral Square Planar 90 deg
Polyatomic Ions
• Ammonium: NH4+ • Carbonate: CO32-
• Acetate: CH3COO- • Hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate: HCO3-
• Cyanide: CN- • Phosphate: PO43-
