Textbook Reading
Chapter 1
• CRISPR-Cas: in bacteria that can rewrite DNA sequence
o Accurate and efficient
o CRISPR refers to bacteria genome that makes RNA
o Cas refers to nuclease that cuts DNA
• Epigenesis: organism develops from fertilized egg that later turns into adult through
stages of life
o Conflicts w preformationism: we are born as mini adults called homunculus
• Spontaneous generation: living things are created by nonliving components
• Darwin and Mendel natural selection
• Homologous: chromosomes in diploid organisms that are in pairs
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance: formed by Sutton and Boveri that traits are
controlled by genes
• Nucleotides make up linear strands of helix in DNA
o GC AT(U)
• Transcription: process leading to protein production that begins in nucleus
o Translation: mRNA binds to ribosome and protein is synthesized
• Codon: a triplet of nucleotides
• tRNA assembles proteins
• Enzymes are catalysts
• Central dogma: DNAàRNAàproteins
• Restriction enzymes are used by bacteria to inactivate virus DNA
• Transgenic organisms: resistant to something (like herbicides)
• Genomics: study of genomes
• Proteomics: study of proteins
• Classical/forward genetics is used to study gene function by studying mutations
• Reverse genetics is when a DNA sequence is known but the gene is not
o Gene knockout is used to find what the function is – what happens when this
gene is gone?
Chapter 2
• Chromosomes is how genes are arranged
• Chromatin: diffuse network in nucleus made of unfolded chromosomes
• Plant cell wall made of cellulose polysaccharide
• Animal plasma membrane covered w glycocalyx cell coat
o Made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides
• Nucleolus synthesizes rRNA
• DNA that codes for rRNA is NOR, nucleolus organizer region
• Cytosol surrounds organelles and cytoplasm is all around
• Microtubules make cytoskeleton
o Made of tubulin and microfilaments from actin protein
,• Ribosomes is where genetic info in mRNA turns to proteins
• Centrioles, in centrosomes, organize spindle fibers
o In mitosis and meiosis’ early phases
•
o Centromere location establishes chromosome appearance
o Chromosomes can be metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric
based on centromere location
o Shorter arm is p arm above centromere
o Larger arm is q arm below centromere
• Locus: identical gene site along homologous chromosomes
o Biparental inheritance in diploid organisms
• Sex-determining chromosomes not homologous
o XX vs XY; different
o Can have homologous regions and act same in meiosis but very different besides
that
• Karyokinesis: nuclear division when genetic material goes to daughter cells
o Then comes cytokinesis to give each cell a new plasma membrane
, o De novo: anew
• Interphase: between divisions
• DNA synthesized in S phase
• No DNA synthesis in G1 (before S) and G2 (after S)
•
, •
• At G1, cells either go back to G- or proceed through and finish cycle
• Prophase is over half of time in mitosis
• Cohesin holds together sister chromatids
• Prometaphase: chromosome movement
o Migration only possible bc spindle fibers bind to kinetochore
• Metaphase: chromosome configuration
• Shugoshin protein protects cohesin from being degraded by separase at centromeric
regions
• Anaphase shortest stage where sister chromatids disjoin through disjunction and go to
opposite ends of cell
o Shugoshin must be degraded
o Cohesin cleaved by separase
• Telophase has cytokinesis, where cytoplasm divides
o Essential to two cells being made from one
o Cell plate in telophase becomes middle lamella
o In animals, cell membrane becomes cell furrow
• Cyclins bind to kinases and then the activated kinases phosphorylate proteins to
regulate cell cycle
• Cell-cycle checkpoints exist
• Crossing over in meiosis
Chapter 1
• CRISPR-Cas: in bacteria that can rewrite DNA sequence
o Accurate and efficient
o CRISPR refers to bacteria genome that makes RNA
o Cas refers to nuclease that cuts DNA
• Epigenesis: organism develops from fertilized egg that later turns into adult through
stages of life
o Conflicts w preformationism: we are born as mini adults called homunculus
• Spontaneous generation: living things are created by nonliving components
• Darwin and Mendel natural selection
• Homologous: chromosomes in diploid organisms that are in pairs
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance: formed by Sutton and Boveri that traits are
controlled by genes
• Nucleotides make up linear strands of helix in DNA
o GC AT(U)
• Transcription: process leading to protein production that begins in nucleus
o Translation: mRNA binds to ribosome and protein is synthesized
• Codon: a triplet of nucleotides
• tRNA assembles proteins
• Enzymes are catalysts
• Central dogma: DNAàRNAàproteins
• Restriction enzymes are used by bacteria to inactivate virus DNA
• Transgenic organisms: resistant to something (like herbicides)
• Genomics: study of genomes
• Proteomics: study of proteins
• Classical/forward genetics is used to study gene function by studying mutations
• Reverse genetics is when a DNA sequence is known but the gene is not
o Gene knockout is used to find what the function is – what happens when this
gene is gone?
Chapter 2
• Chromosomes is how genes are arranged
• Chromatin: diffuse network in nucleus made of unfolded chromosomes
• Plant cell wall made of cellulose polysaccharide
• Animal plasma membrane covered w glycocalyx cell coat
o Made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides
• Nucleolus synthesizes rRNA
• DNA that codes for rRNA is NOR, nucleolus organizer region
• Cytosol surrounds organelles and cytoplasm is all around
• Microtubules make cytoskeleton
o Made of tubulin and microfilaments from actin protein
,• Ribosomes is where genetic info in mRNA turns to proteins
• Centrioles, in centrosomes, organize spindle fibers
o In mitosis and meiosis’ early phases
•
o Centromere location establishes chromosome appearance
o Chromosomes can be metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric
based on centromere location
o Shorter arm is p arm above centromere
o Larger arm is q arm below centromere
• Locus: identical gene site along homologous chromosomes
o Biparental inheritance in diploid organisms
• Sex-determining chromosomes not homologous
o XX vs XY; different
o Can have homologous regions and act same in meiosis but very different besides
that
• Karyokinesis: nuclear division when genetic material goes to daughter cells
o Then comes cytokinesis to give each cell a new plasma membrane
, o De novo: anew
• Interphase: between divisions
• DNA synthesized in S phase
• No DNA synthesis in G1 (before S) and G2 (after S)
•
, •
• At G1, cells either go back to G- or proceed through and finish cycle
• Prophase is over half of time in mitosis
• Cohesin holds together sister chromatids
• Prometaphase: chromosome movement
o Migration only possible bc spindle fibers bind to kinetochore
• Metaphase: chromosome configuration
• Shugoshin protein protects cohesin from being degraded by separase at centromeric
regions
• Anaphase shortest stage where sister chromatids disjoin through disjunction and go to
opposite ends of cell
o Shugoshin must be degraded
o Cohesin cleaved by separase
• Telophase has cytokinesis, where cytoplasm divides
o Essential to two cells being made from one
o Cell plate in telophase becomes middle lamella
o In animals, cell membrane becomes cell furrow
• Cyclins bind to kinases and then the activated kinases phosphorylate proteins to
regulate cell cycle
• Cell-cycle checkpoints exist
• Crossing over in meiosis
