NRS-445 Topic 1: DRAFT Literature Evaluation Table
Assignment:
1. Purpose/Aim of Study: Description of purpose or aim of study is thorough for all four
articles.
2. Research Question: Thoroughly identify the research question.
3. Design: Thoroughly explain the type of study method used in this research. Is the
article qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods? Explain how you determined the
type of research design.
4. Setting: Identify the location and type of setting of this research. Where did the study
take place? What type of setting: inpatient, outpatient, etc.?
5. Sample: Identify the number and characteristics of the participants in the sample.
6. Methods: Identify interventions or instruments used in this article.
7. Analysis: Describe how the collected data was analyzed. How were the collected data
analyzed?
8. Outcomes: Summarize the study results including outcomes or key findings and
implications for nursing practice
9. Recommendations: Recommendations of the researcher based on outcomes or key
findings of the study
10. PICOT Question Support: Explain how this article supports your proposed
PICO(T) question.
Nursing practice problem of interest: Barcode medication administration and medication
errors
PICOT question:
• Population (P): Hospitalized patients
• Intervention (I): Barcode medication administration (BCMA)
• Comparison (C): Standard medication administration (without BCMA)
• Outcome (O): Medication administration errors
• Time (T): During 5 days of hospitalization
PICOT question: In hospitalized patients (P), how does barcode medication administration
(BCMA) (I) compared to standard medication administration (C) affect medication
administration errors (O) during 5 days of hospitalization (T)?
Background of Nursing Practice Problem (one paragraph; no more than 250 words):
Problem Statement
It is not known if the implementation of barcode medication administration (BCMA) (I) would
impact medication administration errors O) among hospitalized patients (P).
, Article to evaluate for this assignment:
Title: Understanding the facilitators and barriers to barcode medication administration by nursing staff
using behavioural science frameworks. A mixed methods study
Abstract
Introduction
Barcode medication administration (BCMA) technology helps ensure correct medications are
administered by nursing staff through scanning of patient and medication barcodes. In many hospitals
scanning rates are low, limiting the potential safety benefits. We aimed to explore the barriers and
facilitators to BCMA use in a London hospital.
Methods
In this mixed methods study we used local quantitative data on BCMA scanning rates to identify
clinically similar wards (in terms of patient acuity and workload) with different scanning rates for
qualitative exploration. Interviews designed to elicit barriers to using BCMA technology were conducted
with nursing staff, supported by observations of medication administration. Qualitative data were
analysed inductively and a thematic framework constructed housing key themes, subsequently
categorised into barriers and facilitators. To explore patient perspectives of BCMA scanning, a purposive
sample of patients were also interviewed. These patient data were analysed deductively according to
the thematic framework. Themes were mapped to behavioural science frameworks to further
understand the behaviours involved.
Results
BCMA was operational on 15 wards, with only six having medication scan rates of more than 10% of
scannable doses. Of three wards selected for qualitative investigation, the lowest scan rate was 6.7%.
Twenty-seven nurses and 15 patients were interviewed. Eleven key themes were identified,
encompassing both barriers and facilitators to BCMA use. Barriers included poor trolley ergonomics
and perceived time inefficiency. Facilitators included a streamlined process and thorough training. All
nurses described BCMA as positive for patient safety. Patients described BCMA as making them “feel
safer”.
Behavioural science frameworks highlighted the importance of professional role and an individual’s
belief in their capability.
Conclusion
We present a novel exploration of facilitators and barriers to BCMA use from the viewpoint of both
patients and nursing staff, highlighting a strong perception that BCMA enhances safety. Barriers were
reported on both high and low usage wards, demonstrating the importance of behaviours and
motivations. These findings provide a detailed understanding from which to design interventions to
support behaviour change and increase BCMA use.
Introduction
Barcode medication administration (BCMA) technology is designed to improve medication safety during
inpatient drug rounds. BCMA supports medication administration by requiring scanning of barcodes on
Assignment:
1. Purpose/Aim of Study: Description of purpose or aim of study is thorough for all four
articles.
2. Research Question: Thoroughly identify the research question.
3. Design: Thoroughly explain the type of study method used in this research. Is the
article qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods? Explain how you determined the
type of research design.
4. Setting: Identify the location and type of setting of this research. Where did the study
take place? What type of setting: inpatient, outpatient, etc.?
5. Sample: Identify the number and characteristics of the participants in the sample.
6. Methods: Identify interventions or instruments used in this article.
7. Analysis: Describe how the collected data was analyzed. How were the collected data
analyzed?
8. Outcomes: Summarize the study results including outcomes or key findings and
implications for nursing practice
9. Recommendations: Recommendations of the researcher based on outcomes or key
findings of the study
10. PICOT Question Support: Explain how this article supports your proposed
PICO(T) question.
Nursing practice problem of interest: Barcode medication administration and medication
errors
PICOT question:
• Population (P): Hospitalized patients
• Intervention (I): Barcode medication administration (BCMA)
• Comparison (C): Standard medication administration (without BCMA)
• Outcome (O): Medication administration errors
• Time (T): During 5 days of hospitalization
PICOT question: In hospitalized patients (P), how does barcode medication administration
(BCMA) (I) compared to standard medication administration (C) affect medication
administration errors (O) during 5 days of hospitalization (T)?
Background of Nursing Practice Problem (one paragraph; no more than 250 words):
Problem Statement
It is not known if the implementation of barcode medication administration (BCMA) (I) would
impact medication administration errors O) among hospitalized patients (P).
, Article to evaluate for this assignment:
Title: Understanding the facilitators and barriers to barcode medication administration by nursing staff
using behavioural science frameworks. A mixed methods study
Abstract
Introduction
Barcode medication administration (BCMA) technology helps ensure correct medications are
administered by nursing staff through scanning of patient and medication barcodes. In many hospitals
scanning rates are low, limiting the potential safety benefits. We aimed to explore the barriers and
facilitators to BCMA use in a London hospital.
Methods
In this mixed methods study we used local quantitative data on BCMA scanning rates to identify
clinically similar wards (in terms of patient acuity and workload) with different scanning rates for
qualitative exploration. Interviews designed to elicit barriers to using BCMA technology were conducted
with nursing staff, supported by observations of medication administration. Qualitative data were
analysed inductively and a thematic framework constructed housing key themes, subsequently
categorised into barriers and facilitators. To explore patient perspectives of BCMA scanning, a purposive
sample of patients were also interviewed. These patient data were analysed deductively according to
the thematic framework. Themes were mapped to behavioural science frameworks to further
understand the behaviours involved.
Results
BCMA was operational on 15 wards, with only six having medication scan rates of more than 10% of
scannable doses. Of three wards selected for qualitative investigation, the lowest scan rate was 6.7%.
Twenty-seven nurses and 15 patients were interviewed. Eleven key themes were identified,
encompassing both barriers and facilitators to BCMA use. Barriers included poor trolley ergonomics
and perceived time inefficiency. Facilitators included a streamlined process and thorough training. All
nurses described BCMA as positive for patient safety. Patients described BCMA as making them “feel
safer”.
Behavioural science frameworks highlighted the importance of professional role and an individual’s
belief in their capability.
Conclusion
We present a novel exploration of facilitators and barriers to BCMA use from the viewpoint of both
patients and nursing staff, highlighting a strong perception that BCMA enhances safety. Barriers were
reported on both high and low usage wards, demonstrating the importance of behaviours and
motivations. These findings provide a detailed understanding from which to design interventions to
support behaviour change and increase BCMA use.
Introduction
Barcode medication administration (BCMA) technology is designed to improve medication safety during
inpatient drug rounds. BCMA supports medication administration by requiring scanning of barcodes on
