Community Nursing Exam 2 Questions & Answers

Community Nursing Exam 2 Questions & Answers The nurse working in the community is aware that there are different models for studying the epidemiology of a health condition in a population. One model of investigation of the interrelationships and characteristics of disease is the epidemiologic triangle. This model analyzes what three elements? A) Incidence, prevalence, and etiology B) Agent, host, and environment C) Person, place, and time D) Virus, bacteria, and fungus B) Agent, host, and environment The epidemiologic triangle considers the extent of the host's exposure to the agent, the virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunologic susceptibility to the agent. Environmental conditions at the time of exposure are also considered. Examination of these three elements allows assessment of the problem, determination of protective factors, and evaluation of the vulnerability of the host to disease. The person-place-time model organized epidemiologists' investigations of the disease pattern in the community. Answers A and D do not represent an epidemiologic model. When chronic disease became a more important cause of death in developed countries, different epidemiologic models were developed to study the many factors involved in the development of these health conditions. Which of the following is an example of such a model? A) Person-place-time model B) Epidemiologic triangle C) Web of causation D) Wheel model C) Web of causation Chronic disease is marked by a complexity of relationships among causal factors. The web of causation model illustrates the interrelationships. The person-place-time model organized epidemiologists' investigations of the disease pattern in the community. The epidemiologic triangle considers the extent of the host's exposure to the agent, the virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunological susceptibility to the agent. The wheel model is an example of a model that stresses the multiplicity of host and environmental interactions. In the 1850s, a researcher studied a cholera epidemic among people living in different sections of London. The researcher who used epidemiologic methods to study the epidemic and used rates as an epidemiologic tool was: A) Joseph Lister. B) William Farr. C) John Snow. D) Edward Jenner. C) John Snow. John Snow is recognized as the researcher who applied epidemiologic methods in the investigation of a cholera epidemic in London in the 1850s. Joseph Lister is considered the pioneer of antiseptic surgery. William Farr was a 19th century British epidemiologist who is regarded as a founder of medical statistics. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine. A community health nurse participating in planning programs for the coming year considers incidence rates to better understand the needs of the community. Which statement below is the most accurate explanation of incidence rates? A) New cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time are included in incidence rates. B) The number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time is included in incidence rates. C) Incidence rate refers to the number of new cases of a disease in those exposed to the disease. D) The term incidence rate refers to the percentage of deaths in a specific period of time from a specific cause. A) New cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time are included in incidence rates. Numerator: # of new cases during specific time period Denominator: those who are at risk for developing the disease only An epidemic is occurring in a public health nurse's community, and the nurse is working with the epidemiologist and other health professionals seeking to identify the causative agent. What phrase best describes such efforts? A) Cohort study B) Descriptive epidemiology C) Point prevalence study D) Analytic epidemiology D) Analytic epidemiology Analytic epidemiology may be defined as close examination of identified possible causes of disease using advanced epidemiologic methods A community nurse is reviewing health statistics to gain a better understanding of a population's health needs. Crude rates are available for several health occurrences. What statement accurately describes crude rates? A) In calculating a crude rate, the numerator is the size of the population at risk. B) In calculating a crude rate, the average population size may be used as denominator. C) The denominator in a crude rate represents the population at risk for the event. D) Crude rates are used frequently because they avoid bias in interpretation B) In calculating a crude rate, the average population size may be used as denominator. Crude rates are calculated by using the number of events as the numerator. The denominator used may be the average population size or the population size at midyear and not the population at risk. Crude rates are subject to certain biases in interpretation. The percentage of deaths resulting from a specific cause provides the nurse with information about areas in which public health programs might make significant contributions in reducing deaths. Select the statistic often used for this purpose. A) Proportionate mortality rate B) Crude death rate C) Age-adjusted death rate D) Standardized mortality rate A) Proportionate mortality rate Proportionate mortality rate is calculated using the number of deaths resulting from a specific cause in a specific time period as the numerator and the total number of deaths in the same time period as the denominator The health literature accessed by the community health nurse often addresses the probability of an adverse event. What term refers to the likelihood that healthy people exposed to a specific factor will experience a specific health condition? A) Prevalence B) Rates C) Risk D) Incidence C) Risk Through epidemiologic investigations, effective prevention measures are often identified. When the nurse is engaged in providing prevention for the community before disease has developed, the prevention activities meet the definition for what level of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Pathogenic A) Primary The public health nurse is working with a specific population and is preparing to participate in a descriptive epidemiology study. Which of the statements apply to descriptive epidemiology? (Select all that apply.) A) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the amount of disease in a given population. B) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the cause of disease in a given population. C) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the cure for disease in a given population. D) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the distribution of disease in a given population. A) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the amount of disease in a given population. D) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the distribution of disease in a given population. Katie, a 2-year-old child, is brought to the doctor's office after 2 days of vomiting and diarrhea. Upon completion of the medical history, the mother tells the nurse that several of the other children at the daycare who played with the same toys as Katie have the same symptoms. The mode of transmission for the pathogen more likely was which of the following? A) Vector B) Direct C) Indirect D) Airborne C) Indirect Four-month-old Lucy is in for immunizations at the local health department. The Vaccine Information Sheet is given to Lucy's mother, and informed consent is obtained. However, the mother then states, "Lucy did have a temperature around 99.1 degrees the night of her last immunizations." After this statement, the nurse should do which of the following? A) Consult the child's pediatrician. B) Delay the immunizations. C) Do not give the immunizations because of the contraindication. D) Give the immunizations. D) Give the immunizations. A low-grade fever is not a contraindication to immunizations. The nurse should give the immunizations. It is not necessary to contact the child's pediatrician. Vaccination should be postponed in cases of moderate or severe febrile illness to avoid any confusion between a vaccine side effect and an unknown underlying cause. Which statement regarding STDs is correct? a. the rate is decreasing bc of effective medication therapies B. women are less likely to use protection methods C. half the STD rate in the US falls within 15-24yo range D. treatment of STDs in women is usually ineffective C: 15-24 years Investigating all contacts of a person infected with a sexually transmitted disease is an example of what? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Initial prevention B) Secondary Prevention Which statement indicates that further teaching is needed for a patient involved in family planning? A) "I can't get human papilloma virus (HPV) from my boyfriend because he doesn't have genital warts." B) "I need to use condoms to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases." C) "Even though I have no signs or symptoms, I still may have Chlamydia." D) "I can give my unborn baby warts during childbirth." A) "I can't get human papilloma virus (HPV) from my boyfriend because he doesn't have genital warts." Transmission of an infectious disease can be efficiently controlled by: A) breaking all links in the transmission chain. B) destroying all reservoirs of infectious agents. C) breaking only one link in the transmission chain. D) maintaining high levels of herd immunity. C) breaking only one link in the transmission chain. Which of the following is classified as a vector of disease? A) Humans B) Door handles C) Water and food D) Mosquitoes D) Mosquitoes A pathogen lives and multiplies in a __________ and transfers from one host to another by a __________. A) host, susceptible portal of entry B) reservoir, mode of transmission C) infectious agent, portal of exit D) mode of transmission, reservoir B) reservoir, mode of transmission Seven cases of hepatitis A are diagnosed in a community over a period of 2 weeks. An investigation results in a determination that all of the infected individuals ate at a local restaurant. Which of the following statements explains the possible connection between hepatitis A and a restaurant? A) The route of transmission for hepatitis A is fecal-oral. B) A food worker likely coughed on the customers. C) A food worker may have a bleeding wound. D) Hepatitis A is transmitted where people congregate A) The route of transmission for hepatitis A is fecal-oral. Which of the following factors causes primary vaccine failure? (Select all that apply.) A) Inefficient storage B) An intramuscular vaccine injection given subcutaneously C) Waning immunity in immunocompromised patients D) Light-sensitive vaccines exposed to light E) Seroconversion A) Inefficient storage B) An intramuscular vaccine injection given subcutaneously D) Light-sensitive vaccines exposed to light E) Seroconversion According to the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health), which of the following would be classified as a disability? a. Detached retina b. Need to use a powered wheelchair c. Spinal cord injury d. Amputation Need to use a powered wheelchair A community health nurse is reviewing the results of SIPP (Survey of Income and Program Participation) used by the U.S. Census Bureau to collect disability data. Which of the following will the nurse find classified as an instrumental activity of daily living? a. Seeing b. Walking c. Dressing d. Preparing meals Preparing meals In which era were people with mental disabilities labeled as "feebleminded" because they could not reach the minimum educational level? a. Biblical times b. 18th century c. 19th century d. 20th century 19th The landmark civil rights legislation that uses the authority of the federal government to guarantee equal opportunities for people with disabilities related to employment, transportation, public accommodations, public services, and telecommunications is the: a. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). b. Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act (TWWIIA). c. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). d. Civil Rights Act. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Which of the following statements is true concerning the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? a. It is designed to ensure a free, appropriate public education in the most restrictive setting. b. An IEP (Individualized Education Program) for a child is developed solely by the school professionals. c. It provides federal funding through state-administered programs from preschool through secondary education for children with disabilities. d. It removes guidelines that typically result in the termination of Medicaid and Medicare benefits for people with disabilities who return to work. It provides federal funding through state-administered programs from preschool through secondary education for children with disabilities. Which of the following statements describes the social construct paradigm for disability (as opposed to the medical model)? a. It focuses on the modification of attitudinal, architectural, sensory, and economic barriers in the environment. b. It discourages full citizenship for people with disabilities. c. Health professionals prescribe interventions to remedy functional limitations of the ill person. It focuses on problems and solutions related to the individual. d. It focuses on problems and solutions related to the individual. It focuses on the modification of attitudinal, architectural, sensory, and economic barriers in the environment. Which of the following would be considered a long-term disabling condition in which the person must learn to incorporate the modifications required for living into daily living and identity? a. A sprained ankle requiring the use of crutches b. A total knee replacement surgery requiring the use of a walker after surgery c. A car accident with a broken arm requiring surgery d. A cardiovascular accident (CVA) with paralysis to the right side of the body A cardiovascular accident (CVA) with paralysis to the right side of the body Nurses can help parents and family members adjust to a child with a disability by: a. withholding some noncritical information about the condition to decrease the impact. b. establishing a partnership between the parent and health care team. c. making decisions on behalf of the child and the family. d. teaching the family to avoid social networks and support groups to refrain from co-dependency. establishing a partnership between the parent and health care team One strategy for the community health nurse in caring for people with disabilities is becoming a powerful advocate. This involves: a. providing information but allowing the person to make the decision. b. supporting the person's choice if it does not conflict with the nurse's. c. taking control of the person's life and health care. speaking on the person's behalf d. speaking on the person's behalf. providing information but allowing the person to make the decision.