Louisiana Horticulture License Review

Louisiana Horticulture License Review What are the two parts of a plant's scientific name? - ANS Genus & species Botanical Term "Triacanthos". - ANS three spined What are the functions of the root system? - ANS Anchorage Absorption Conduction Storage The tap root could be described as what? - ANS One main root that grows directly downward from which branch roots arise. The main root may be a fleshy food storing organ or a woody root. What should you do when preparing to transplant a plant? - ANS expose the roots to as little air as possible What should you do to plants that are root bound in their containers?: - ANS spread out or prune coiled roots to grow outward. What is the xylem responsible for? - ANS transporting water and minerals from the roots upward through the plant What type of plant is corn? - ANS Monocot What could happen if the cambium layer and vascular bundles are damaged? - ANS the plant could die What does girdling of a plant describe? - ANS damage to the plants food supply pipeline What is a node? - ANS an area on a stem where the leaves emerge What do tulips develop from each spring? - ANS bulbs What does cannas develop from? - ANS rhizome What are potatoes propagated from? - ANS tubers When a plant "suckers", where do new shoots develop from? - ANS roots In Louisiana, spring flowering bulbs are usually planted between which months? - ANS October to December When are amaryllis bulbs usually planted? - ANS during Fall The term "venation" is a term used to describe what in a plant? - ANS vein distribution What is the process through which a leaf gives off water into the atmosphere? - ANS transpiration What happens if transpiration is more rapid than absorption in a plant? - ANS the plant will show signs of wilting What does transpiration in a plant depends on? - ANS water pressure should be lower in the top of the plant What is the pistil? - ANS The female part of the plant Ferns reproduce from single cell structures called what? - ANS spores What is the highest priority of food produced by leaves used to feed? - ANS flowers What is urea? - ANS A primary element used for plant growth Overall yellowing of the plant beginning at the bottom of the plant could mean what? - ANS nitrogen deficiency Spindly growth, low flower and fruit production, dark green leaves with reddish overcast could mean what? - ANS phosphorous deficiency Slow growth, scorched leaves and shriveled fruit on a plant could mean what? - ANS potassium deficiency What are light green leaves with leaf margins turning upward a symptoms of? - ANS calcium deficiency A 50 poind bag of 13-13-13 would contain how many pounds of nitrogen? - ANS 6.5 lbs A 50 pound bag of 20-15-10 would contain how many pounds of phosphorus? - ANS 7.5 lbs Resin coated materials, such as Osmocote fertilizer depends on what factor to release nutrients? - ANS soil moisture Is it good to fertilize in early or late fall? - ANS No, it is a poor practice because it could cause cold damage. What hapens if you expose plants to low light intensity? - ANS It limits photosynthesis Roots dying from over-watering could be caused by what? - ANS lack of oxygen What could happen if you use water softeners in irrigation? - ANS (Na) Sodium ions may replace essential nutrients causing deficiencies. Due to slow permeability of clay, how many inches of water must be used on a plant with an 18" root depth? - ANS 3 inches of water What is the approximate field capacity for water in loamy soil? _________. - ANS 15-25% Which side of a building has the coolest growing temperature? - ANS north What is the minimum temperature that most warm season plant seeds need to germinate? - ANS Greater than 49 degrees Fahrenheit What zone has an average minimum temperature of 20-25 degrees Fahrenheit? - ANS 9a Plants exposed to calm, clear nights can give off enough heat to lower their temperature below freezing even though the surrounding air is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. What is this kind of freezing called? - ANS radiation What is the optimum temperature suitable for growth of temperate plants? - ANS 77-95 degrees Fahrenheit Avoiding practices such as late pruning and late fertilization with nitrogen will help to prevent what? - ANS cold weather damage Hot weather effects on plants grown in dark containers usually result in what? - ANS stunted growth on the side exposed to the sun What are a nurseries' greatest challenges? - ANS Providing plants that grow well in their area What is the mud-pie test used to determine? - ANS the moisture content of the soil What are the two forces that hold water in the soil? - ANS Adhesion & Cohesion Autumn color in plants result in changes in what? - ANS photoperiod Soil is a mixture of what? - ANS Minerals, organic matter, and living organisms Soils vary in texture, structure, and what? - ANS mineral composition Soil texture is classified as what? - ANS sand, silt and clay When inspecting shipments of nursery plants, what should you examine for? - ANS pests, insects, disease, and weeds. A soil sample with a pH value of 4.0 is considered to be ____________. - ANS Acidic A soil sample with a pH value of 7.0 is considered to be _____________. - ANS Neutral What type of soil do azaleas and camellias prefer? - ANS Acidic Soil pH is a factor that controls plant growth, but what is it a good indicator of? - ANS What materials are soluble in that soil Miscellaneous organic soil additives include? - ANS sawdust leaf mold straw rice hulls animal manures pine bark peat moss bagasse A problem with using some miscellaneous soil additives is that straw, fresh sawdust, and rice hulls need added ____________. - ANS nitrogen Why should sawdust from pressure treated wood not be used as an organic additive? - ANS It contains toxic residues. When storing plant seeds, what maintains fairly good temperatures, but are usually too damp? - ANS refrigerators What are the two most critical requirements for successful seed germination? - ANS Water and temperature What does water affect around the seed? - ANS Oxygen amounts What do commercial growers do to hard seed coats mechanically or with concentrated sulfuric acid? - ANS Scarify, or scratch Layering, division, and separation are all methods of what? - ANS asexual propogation Most cuttings need what to produce viable roots? - ANS humid atmosphere warm soil temperatures light moist but well drained rooting medium Some plants are now being commercially propagated using what techniques that involve the production of new plants from tissue culture? - ANS micropropagation When accepting an order and inspecting shipments of plants, which of the following basic steps should be followed? a. confirm all order b. determine if the order contains quality materials c. examine for pests, insects, disease, and weeds - ANS all of these The employee in charge of watering plants should have special training to ensure the plants receive the correct amount of water. - ANS True Woody ornamentals grown in containers can be injured when temperatures drop to what? - ANS 18 to 24 degrees Fahrenheit Describe what sand, silt, and clay feel like? - ANS Sand has a gritty feeling, silt has a slick feeling, and clay has a slippery, sticky feeling Sandy, platt, crumbly and blocky are soil ___________ names and are self descriptive. - ANS structural Organic soils are those which have more than _____% organic matter. - ANS 30 Fungi in soils can cause _______________. - ANS rotting and damping-off (collapse and decay) Soil reaction can be modified by adding certain soil additives and using _______________. - ANS specific fertilizers ___________ could equally describe a loam soil or an adobe soil as very hard to work with. - ANS Black soil Untreated bark needs what percentage of nitrogen added to prevent nitrogen deficiency in plants growing in the material. - ANS 1.5 % Optimum _______________ temperature varies for all seeds. - ANS germination When germinating seeds commercially, the temperature of the __________, not the air, is what is important. - ANS soil _______________ is the biggest propagation problem. - ANS Watering _________________ herbicides can kill existing weeds, but extreme care must be used with these materials when plants are in the immediate area. - ANS Post-emergence Pest management also aids in maintaining plant __________ in retail nurseries and garden centers. - ANS quality During harsh winters, plants can be jammed together and draped with a single layer of milky____________ plastic. - ANS polyethylene When pH drops below 5.5, many nutrients become _______________. - ANS unavailable When planting a solitary tree or shrub in the landscape, dig the hole at least two times wider than the ______________ of the plant. - ANS root ball A very important part of the planting operations, mulches help maintain a uniform soil moisture level. - ANS True Mulch trees and shrubs to a depth of __________. - ANS 2-4 inches Newly planted trees and shrubs should receive light applications of ______________ during their first growing season. - ANS fertilizer Pruning is done for all of the following except: A. to guide the growth habits B. to rejuvenate older plants C. to stimulate new growth D. To stimulate fertilizer uptake - ANS D When the terminal bud is pruned out and the effect of auxin is decreased, lateral bud breakage will be enhanced. - ANS True What type of tool is used to cut branches larger than 1.5 inches in diameter? - ANS Pruning saws What type of tool is used for clipping small-leafed plants to maintain a formal appearance? - ANS Hedge shears What tool is used to remove branches that cannot be reached from the ground? - ANS Pole pruner It is possible to rejuvenate many older shrubs that have overgrown their planting site by pruning them how close to ground level? - ANS 18 inches How can upright junipers and arborvitae plants be maintained at a small size? - ANS with light annual pruning Soil in good ____________ and properly cared for often contains beneficial organisms that hold detrimental organisms in check. - ANS tilth _______________ favorably affects soil structure by increasing the water holding capacity of sandy soils and the workability of the clay and other heavy soils. - ANS Organic matter The greatest problem in planting container grown plants is the _________________ layer between the soil ball in the container and the native soil. - ANS transition Vegetables make ideal hosts for this organism and once the soil is infested, it will always be present. - ANS Nematode What is not a factor which controls plant growth but is good indicator of what nutrients are soluble in that particular soil. - ANS Soil pH Soil with a pH of 10 is considered to be ______. - ANS alkaline Most woody plants are propagated by _________. - ANS cutting When studying insects that affect our gardens, crops, goods and agriculture we must first learn: - ANS how to identify the insects Biological and chemical controls of harmful insects are closely tied to: - ANS Where, when, and how insects develop. When were many chemical insecticides developed? - ANS after World War I Many beneficial insects need to be ________ and _______ , when it is economically feasible. - ANS protected and promoted Insects are classified by: - ANS binomial nomenclature Insects are grouped based on similarities and types of development. an example would be: - ANS type of legs, mouthparts, absence or presence of wings The names of most insect orders have the ending-ptera, which means: - ANS the insect possess wings in the adult stage Mouthparts, wings and type of metamorphosis are characteristics used to: - ANS identify an insect In Classification, what names of insects end with -idea. an example is Aphidae (aphids). - ANS Family ___________ names refer to large groups rather than individual species. - ANS Common Insects are in the class insecta because they possess the following characteristics: - ANS three body regions, three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae and one or two pairs of wings There are three regions of an insects body. Is wings one of them? - ANS No Piercing-sucking, lapping and sponging are all examples of: - ANS Insect mouthparts Insects use this to feel their way, detect danger, locate their food , find their mates and, in some cases, communication: - ANS antennae The most important characteristics for insects is the presence of three ______________ - ANS pairs of jointed legs This part of an insect's body is mostly membranous and has a framework of veins. - ANS Wings What does Metamorphosis mean? - ANS a change in form What part of an insect has a great deal of variation and can be used for identification. - ANS wings A newly emerged insect feeds ravenously, but the extent of its growth is restricted by a ________________. - ANS rigid exoskeleton The process of shedding the outer skin is called _________. - ANS molting Gradual metamorphosis includes the following stages of development: - ANS egg, nymph, adult Complete metamorphosis includes the following stages of development: - ANS egg, larva, pupa, adult During simple metamorphosis each developmental stage is called ___. - ANS an instar Of the 80,000+ diseases that attack plants in the U.S., over 30,000 attack crops that are of _________________________. - ANS economic importance The vegetative structure of a fungus is made of thread-like material known as _________________. - ANS mycelium Fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are four major groups of plant parasitic organisms which cause___________________. - ANS plant disease How many types of plant disease are there? What are they? - ANS Two pathogenic and non-pathogenic What are Ectoparasites? - ANS Nematodes that inject a spear-like mouthpart into the root tissue and inject a chemical substance. Bread mold is a ___________ and is atypical of the vegetative structures produced. - ANS fungus Nematodes that feed completely by entering the plant root are called ____________. - ANS endoparasites What is Scorch? - ANS The burning of leaf margins as a result of infection or unfavorable environmental conditions. What is Witches' Broom? - ANS broom-like growth or massed proliferation caused by the dense clustering of branches in woody plants. How often do Bacteria cells divide? - ANS Every 20 to 30 minutes What are beneficial fungi called? - ANS saprophytes How do fungi most commonly reproduce? - ANS asexually Nutrient deficiencies, lack of or excess soil moisture, too low or too high temperatures are all examples of ___________ plant disease. - ANS non-pathogenic A parasite or an organism that attacks a plant can be referred to as _______________. - ANS pathogenic A susceptible host, a parasitic organism, environmental conditions are three factors always present for a ____________ disease. - ANS pathogenic What is a fungus? - ANS a multi-cellular organism which has no roots, stems, or leaves and cannot make its own food The formation of spores, sclerotia, and mycelia fragments refer to the process of __________________. - ANS fungi reproduction ________________, a common disease in ornamental plants which causes the damping off of young vegetable plants is spread by mycelia fragments. - ANS Rhizoctonia These structures can remain viable in the soil for several years until a susceptible crop is planted. They form when the mycelium of some fungi become hard. - ANS Sclerotia Fungi that form swimming spores thrive in low, wet areas and cause diseases such as root rot. These types of fungi are known as ___________. - ANS Phycomycetes This is an advanced group of fungi. They produce spores on special structures inside plant tissue. - ANS Ascomycetes Practically all types of fungi produce their asexual spore on exposed stalks called _____________ resemble a small plant with fruit hanging on it. - ANS conidiophores Inoculation, penetration, infection, incubation, invasion, reproduction, and over-wintering are stages in the life cycle of a _________. - ANS fungus Direct penetration, penetration through stomates or through wounds is necessary in order for _____ to occur. - ANS infection ____ are spread by blowing rain, insects, humans and inside seeds. - ANS Bacteria Symptoms of this include mottled or puckered leaves streaks on leaves and at times distorted fruit. - ANS virus Tobacco, insects and seeds are ways in which viruses ______________. - ANS spread A plant injured by this organism usually has a stunted, unthrifty appearance. - ANS Nematode Crop rotation, use of resistant varieties and chemicals are three ways to _____________________. - ANS deal with soil organisms A particular group of this organism causes knots or falls on the roots of susceptible plants. - ANS Nematodes Mulching, cultivation, deep plowing and sanitation are all examples of _____________________. - ANS ways to control diseases Is seeding a method of vegetativly establishing turfgrass? - ANS No Is annual ryegrass a warm-season turfgrass? - ANS No What is a type of turfgrass used for winter overseeding in Louisiana? - ANS Perennial ryegrass Re-establishment of turfgrass is not recommended unless _________ % of turf cover has been lost. - ANS 50 Will following recommended planting practices help minimize thatch problems? - ANS No Which type of fertilizer has a slow release and low water solubility but a longer residual effect? - ANS synthetic organic fertilizers Generally, no more than _______ of the lead blade on turfgrasses should be removed in one cutting. - ANS 1/3 Turfgrass pests can be classified as all but which of the following? - ANS nutrient leachers Is adding amendments to backfill soil recommended for transplanting trees? - ANS No What is not a consideration when transplanting a plant? - ANS landscape design Is mulch application a typical type of fertilizer application for trees? - ANS No When removing a live branch, pruning cuts should be made in branch tissue just outside the branch ____ and collar? - ANS bark ridge One should definitely not decapitate a palm below the _____________ in an attempt to reduce the height of the palm. Doing so will kill the palm. - ANS crown or leaves The best time of the year to transplant palms in Louisiana is _______? - ANS spring - summer When planting trees in the landscape, _____________ fertilizer may be placed 2 to 6 inches below grade and mixed with backfill. - ANS slow release A tree is a _________ woody plant with one or several vertical trunks which grow higher than 12' to 15' ht. - ANS perennial During the transplanting operation in a normal landscape setting, you would NOT: - ANS dig the hole 4 feet wider than needed _____ can be applied either in the planting hole or on the soil surface after planting or transplanting trees or shrubs. - ANS Fertilizer Pruning palms is considered doing what to the plant, which involves removing the leaves or inflorescences as they become senescent and unsightly. - ANS grooming The best planting or transplanting time in Louisiana is from late ______ through February even though many tree species are dug at other times of the year. - ANS November ____ is most important after planting trees and shrubs. - ANS Maintenance ________________ of trees and shrubs during times of dry weather is imperative, especially during the first several years. - ANS Irrigation When transplanting trees, remove wire or twine from around the trunk, and if BB, pull the burlap _________ down from around the ball. - ANS 2/3 It can take trees with a caliper of 4-6 inches, how many years after transplanting to regain a root system sufficient enough to begin significant top growth. - ANS Two or more Plants that are ____ before transplanting will suffer more than vigorous ones. - ANS stressed Leaving the guy wire in place too long can cause _________ of the tree stem or trunk. - ANS breakage Mulch not only conserves soil moisture, but also prevents ________ from competing for nutrients and moisture. - ANS weeds What encourages the development of roots and shoots, promoting overall good health and vitality to plants? - ANS Fertilization When transplanting palms, it is best to obtain as large a rootball as possible. An exception to this would be the _________________. Its roots may be cut to within one foot of the trunk. - ANS Cabbage Palm When transplanting palms, the plant should be given a ____________ to mat down the mulch and to firm up the soil. - ANS final soaking When transplanting palms, the ring of leaves immediately next to the bud should be removed to alleviate pressure on the bud. What practice should be used for handling the remaining leaves? - ANS They should be gathered around the emerging leaf and tied in place. What kind of fertilizers are easier to use, less expensive, and are more efficient because they react faster and become available to plants more quickly? - ANS chemical or inorganic When deciding the type of ground cover to plant, take into account ________. a. the light requirements of the plant and the amount of sunlight the location gets b. the plant's growth habit c. the plant's texture and color - ANS all of these ____________ tissue is very important from the health standpoint of trees? - ANS Trunk _____________ are generally evergreen, low growing, and spreading ornamental plants. - ANS Ground covers Ground covers can be used for all purpose but ________________________. - ANS to protect the soil from walk-through traffic compaction The high cost of installing ground covers is often offset by the eventual savings in _____. - ANS reduced maintenance A one-gallon ground cover is planted _______ o.c. and 4" pots are planted ____ o.c. - ANS 1', 6" As it applies to the installation of ground covers, the abbreviation "o.c." means _____. - ANS on center Is Dianthus a recommended ground cover for LOUISIANA? - ANS No To control weed competition in ground covers during the first few years, use ____. A. mulch B. herbicides C. cultivation - ANS all of these Once established, ______ groundcovers may be necessary if plants become uneven, ragged, frozen back or too tall. - ANS shearing Compact herbaceous plants used to add color to a landscape are referred to as ______. - ANS bedding plants Are daylilies a recommended ground cover for the SOUTH? - ANS No What are 2 lower growing ground covers? - ANS Ardesia and English ivy Bedding plants are normally sold in 4 and 6 inch pots or cell packs. - ANS True The greatest visual impact is obtained in the landscape when bedding plants are _____. - ANS Massed together (colors) Where should you place bedding plants to draw the viewer's eyes? - ANS near doorways along sidewalks end of a vista In designing a color bed, where should you place taller plants? - ANS in the back of the bed The number of bedding plants selected for an area depends on the size of the area and ____. - ANS the recommended spacing for the types of plants used In designing a color bed, where should you place shorter, low growing varieties? - ANS at the front When purchasing healthy bedding plants, what determining factor should you choose? - ANS Plants that are just coming into bloom, or budded. Bedding plants perform better when raised beds are used, to insure good drainage. - ANS True What type of fertilizer should be added during bed preparation before planting? - ANS Complete general fertilizer Native soils should be amended with what before bed construction. - ANS compost peat moss builder's sand Bedding plants should not be watered immediately after planting. - ANS False Frequent overhead watering of color beds may lead to all except ________. A. damping off B. Aerial phytopthora C. Root absorption D. disturbing tender blossoms - ANS C What should you frequently do to Bedding plants to prevent seed formation and encourage plants to produce more flowers over a longer period. - ANS Deadhead Mulch is an important component in any bed because it ____. - ANS 1. Reduces the number of weeds 2. Prevents soil from splashing up on the leaves 3. Regulates soil temperature If bedding plants appear to be stunted, lightly fertilize with a complete fertilizer with what ratio analysis? - ANS 3:1:2 When bedding plants become overgrown, they can be sheared back with what tool to promote branching, and a bushier plant? - ANS hedge clippers Many of the annuals grown in Louisiana, like begonia and periwinkles, are actually what? - ANS tender perennials What kind of plant completes its lifecycle in one growing season. - ANS An annual In Louisiana, cool season annuals are grown between what months? - ANS October through May Annuals that are recommended to be grown in Louisiana shade gardens include all except ________. A. Periwinkle B. Coleus C. Impatients D. Begonia - ANS Periwinkle Annuals that are recommended for growth in bright, sunny spots include all except ___________. A. Dusty Miller B. Zinnia C. Marigold D. Lobella - ANS Lobella ______________ are hardy plants that tolerate cold temperatures. - ANS Snap Dragons What are low-growing plants that do well along the edges of beds? - ANS Alyssum What kind of conditions do Cosmos prefer. - ANS They are tender plants and prefer warmer conditions. All but ________ are taller plants, which do better in the back of the bed. A. Cleome B. Pansy C. Amaranthus D. African Marigolds - ANS Pansy Perennials that bloom in the summer and fall should be divided in the _____. - ANS spring Can you use nasturtium, snapdragons, or stock in annual cut flower gardens? - ANS You can use all of these. Perennials are plants that live ____. - ANS more than two years The popularity of using perennials in the landscape has _______ because of the fact they do not have to be planted yearly and provide seasonal color. - ANS increased What are the advantages of using perennials in the landscape? - ANS 1. They provide seasonal color 2. They are relatively maintenance free 3. They do not have to be replanted each year Perennials that bloom in the spring should be divided in the ____. - ANS fall Is Scarlet Sage a recommended perennial for planting in Louisiana landscapes? - ANS No Is Moonvine a perennial bulb that is recommended for the Louisiana landscape? - ANS No ____ plants provide a sizeable portion of garden sales. - ANS Bedding Many landscaping needs can be solved through the use of ______ plants. - ANS herbaceous Bedding plants can also add "_________ ____________" to an established landscape. - ANS instant color The role of annuals and perennials in the landscape is primarily to provide _________. - ANS color When trying to establish a turfgrass using seed, the most important thing consumers should look at when purchasing is ________. - ANS the species and cultivar of the seed If tender perennials are not removed at the end of the warm season, and a mild winter occurs what may happen? - ANS they will survive and will bloom again in the summer This type of sodding is sometimes done on golf course fairways, particularly with zoysia grass, and is less expensive. - ANS Strip sodding __________ is the most frequently used material to raise soul pH when establishing turfgrasses. - ANS Limestone Generally, about ______ inches of sand should be incorporated into the upper six to eight inches of soil for improved turf growth. - ANS 4 Bermudagrass and Zoysiagrass prefer to be mowed at _______ or less. - ANS 1 inch St. Augustine grass, Centipede grass, and carpet grass should be cut using a __________. - ANS rotary mower What is the planting season for bluebonnets? - ANS fall What is the botanical name for the perennial bulb Montbretia? - ANS Crocosmia pottsii A dull mower blade will _______, rather than cutting the leaf blade, thus reducing turf vigor. - ANS tear What is the botanical name for the perennial bulbs Canna? - ANS Canna x generalis What is the botanical name for the recommended perennials firebush? - ANS Hamelia patens What pests are considered nuisance pests in lawns but can be beneficial since they feed upon other more damaging turf insect pests? - ANS Fire ants What turfgrass is considered the most drought resistant of the warm-season turfgrasses? - ANS Zoysia grass What is a key component to any successful turf management program? - ANS Efficient irrigation Which of the following is the botanical name for the recommended perennials Mexican mint marigold? - ANS Tagetes lucida What is the botanical name for the recommended perennials cigar plant? - ANS Cuphea micropetala ____ and drainage are key elements in growing roses. - ANS Sunlight Roses require at least ____ - ____ hours of sunlight daily. - ANS 8-10 Container roses may be planted at any time of the year although summer is often avoided because of ____. - ANS drought stress When planting roses, a soil test should be made to determine whether soil ____ should be corrected. - ANS pH When planting roses, the bud union should be about how far above the soil line? - ANS 2 inches As a general rule, roses require how much water per week? - ANS 1 inch Wetting the foliage of roses is to be avoided because it leads to increased ____. - ANS incidence of disease Roses should begin a ___ program when new growth begins in the spring and continue through late August. - ANS fertilization Applying too much ____ can burn the roots and possibly kill the plant. - ANS fertilizer Although light regular feedings are most effective, a ____ application of fertilizer following pruning is often more feasible. - ANS spring and fall What kind of mulch retains moisture in the soil, keeps the roots cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, and prevents growth? - ANS organic mulch Is Pea gravel an example of an organic mulch? - ANS No The most common insect attacking rose flowers is/are ___. - ANS Thrips ____ infested with thrips will not open properly. - ANS Buds ____ are probably the most common insect found on roses in Louisiana. - ANS Aphids ___ attack the young, growing foliage and buds, feeding on plant juices. - ANS Aphids Which insects can be controlled by applications of a recommended miticide? - ANS Spider Mites What are the two most common species of spider mites found on roses? - ANS Red and Two-Spotted Which of the following is occasionally a pest of roses in Louisiana? - ANS Cucumber Beetle Which is the most widely distributed fungal disease of roses in Louisiana? - ANS Black Spot The Black Spot fungus is usually present where on the plant? - ANS the upper surface of the leaf Black Spot causes what in roses? - ANS premature defoliation To control Black Spot, ____ should be applied throughout the plant. - ANS fungicide What is NOT a common fungicide ingredient? - ANS formaldehyde ____ appears on roses in early spring and late summer when nights are relatively cool. - ANS Powdery Mildew ______ is a fungal disorder than can be identified by the appearance of rough, circular, bright orange spots on the underside of leaves and on stems. - ANS Leaf Rust Crown Gall causes infected plants to become stunted. All infected plants must then be discarded. - ANS True Most modern rose varieties should be pruned in ____ and again in ___. - ANS February and August Which of the following is NOT a reason to prune roses? A. to control insects B. to remove dead wood C. to stimulate new growth D. to control shape and size - ANS to control insects Once rosebushes are established, _____ of blossoms is encouraged. - ANS cutting The Louisiana Agriculture and Forestry Commission does NOT regulate which of the following professions? - ANS A home gardener The Louisiana Agriculture and Forestry Commission regulates which of the following? Nursery stock dealer Cut flower dealer - ANS Both Landscape contractors are required by law to obtain a license from the: - ANS Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry In order to receive fees from clients in a job regulated by the Louisiana Agriculture and Forestry Commission, one must ____. - ANS hold a valid landscaping license Those who fail to comply with section 3804 of the Louisiana Horticulture Commission Rules and Regulations are subject to a fine of _____. - ANS $250 per violation ____ applies only to persons and property not connected with a project. - ANS Contractor's Liability Insurance This type of insurance is applied to injury, death, and property damage from operations performed for the contractor by independent subs. - ANS Contractor's Protective Liability Insurance ____ is a policy where the insurance company assumes owner's risk and covers employees only. - ANS Workman's Compensation Insurance ____ covers the contractor if faulty construction causes damage after the project is turned over to the owner. - ANS Competed Operation Insurance More business failures occur due to ____ than contractor incompetency. - ANS poor record keeping A ______ is a type of insurance policy that ensures that the contractor will satisfactorily complete the work documented in the contract. - ANS Bond What type of bond assures that the contractor will accept the job if it is offered to him? - ANS A Bid Bond Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic bonds a contract may be required to purchase? a. bid bond b. performance bond c. payment or labor and materials bond d. contract bond - ANS Contract Bond A _____ bond is the most common type of bond purchased. It protects the owner from default on a job according to the agreement by the landscape contractor. - ANS Performance Bond In most projects involving landscaping construction, a client is well advised to employ a ____. - ANS Landscape Architect What person is responsible for all aspects of the landscape design. - ANS Landscape Architect What type of bond assures payment of all labor and material costs directly related to the job? - ANS A Payment or Labor and Materials Bond Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be taken into consideration during an on-site visit? a. type of soil b. drainage conditions c. location of underground utilities d. cleanliness - ANS cleanliness Which of the following is NOT a factor that should be used to determine material and labor costs? A. food and travel expenses B. direct job expenses C. indirect job expenses D. overhead expenses - ANS food and travel expenses Which of the following is NOT an item typically included in a landscaping contract? a. scope of work and services provided b. payment c. specifications of work to be done d. vacation days - ANS vacation days What costs are generally the most difficult to calculate and require experience with actual landscape installation in order to be estimated properly? - ANS Direct job expenses Mrs. Ethel, your elderly neighbor, has hired you to plant an azalea bush in her front yard. You use the opportunity to develop a landscaping bid for your SAE handbook. You determine that 1 azalea is a 3 gallon container costs $6.50. Your labor rate is $12 per hour. it takes you half an hour to plant the bush to Mrs. Ethel's specifications. Also, you charge a 25% profit margin. What is Mrs. Ethel's total fee for your services? - ANS $15.63 Which of the following is NOT a commonly used type of contract? A. sum-plus contract B. Fixed-price contract C. unit-price contract D. cost-plus contract - ANS sum-plus contract Who has standardized preprinted contracts available that may be suitable for landscape contractual use? - ANS American Institute of Architects What is the most common form of general contract in which the owner aggrees to pay a set amount to the contractor for executing the services specified in the contract? - ANS Fixed-Price Contract In what type of contract does the owner pay the contractor for necessary costs incurred in the construction of the project? - ANS Cost-Plus Contract During inspection for final acceptance, the landscape contractor should have a(n) ______ to be signed by the client. - ANS Acceptance Form It is not a Louisiana law to include a warranty or guarantee for plants installed by the landscape contractor, but it is common practice to include what kind of guarantee in the contract? - ANS 90-day When shopping for a subcontractor, the contract should preferably be rewarded to the _____. - ANS lowest bidder It is unwise to participate in _____ because the subcontractor who receives the job may well be forced into a choice between doing the job at a loss or resorting to substandard workmanship. - ANS bid peddling Is meeting the needs of the home owner a component of successful pest management? - ANS No A successful pest management system will: - ANS use a combination of methods to manage pests Is removal of pests from the host, a non-pesticide method of pest management? - ANS No What type of control is the rotation of crops and using tilling to control pests? - ANS Cultural What type of control uses traps, screens, barriers, and electricity to prevent the spread of pests or reduce infestations? - ANS Mechanical What type of control involves the use of naturally occurring enemies of pests? - ANS Biological What is a form of pest control where plant varieties are developed, which are immune to certain pests? - ANS Host resistance What is one of the main attributes of insects and disease problems that is not associated with healthy plants? - ANS Stress This pesticide is used to control mites, ticks, and spiders. - ANS acaricide This pesticide is used to control organisms like bacillus, coccus, and spirillum. - ANS bactericide This pesticide is used to control organisms such as slugs and snails. - ANS molluscicide This pesticide is used to control organisms such as caterpillars, beetles, and aphids. - ANS insecticide Which of these is used in making synthetic pesticides: arsenic, chlorine, copper, or sulfur? - ANS Chlorine This pesticide is used to control organisms such as rats and mice. - ANS rodenticides What is not a common origin of pesticides? - ANS petroleum-based pesticides What is generally the fastest way to manage pests? - ANS Pesticides This pesticide is used to control organisms such as dandelions, crabgrass, and clover. - ANS herbicide These pesticides are made from minerals: - ANS inorganic pesticides These pesticides interfere with the development of pests and cause sterility: - ANS growth regulators Pesticides kill in a variety of ways. which of these is not a method? - ANS preventing reproduction This method of poisoning kills pests by simply touching them. - ANS contact poisons A pesticide that is toxic to some kinds of plants or animals but not to others is said to be what? - ANS selective You are nursery owner and a customer approaches you about a pest problem in her garden. She wants a pesticide that will be safe, naturally occurring and effective. Which of these would you recommend to her? Sevin, Malathion, Maneb or Spinosad - ANS Spinosad Which of these is an example of a synthetic organic pesticide? Confirm, Spinosad, Pyrethrin, or Sevin. - ANS Sevin Which of these pesticides is an example of a growth regulator? Malathion, Extinguish, Spinosad, or Sevin. - ANS Extinguish The ability of pests to resist poisoning is called what? - ANS pesticide resistance Botancial pesticides are made from what? - ANS plants or plant parts Prior to using any pesticide, you should instruct your customer to which of the following procedures? - ANS Read the label of the pesticide and follow all rules and regulations The chemicals in a pesticide that do the work are called what? - ANS active ingredients Signal words on pesticide container labels give a clue as to how dangerous the product is to humans. What are the 3 signal words? - ANS Danger Warning Caution Soil texture affects the way pesticides work. Finer textured soils have more surface area to cover and may need what? - ANS higher application rates Pesticide failure may be attributed to many factors. Could water clarity be one of them? - ANS No What term includes all information provided by the chemical company or other government bodies regarding safe and effective use of the product? - ANS Labeling This method of application of an herbicide will kill plants by being absorbed through the leaves, stems or roots, and moving throughout the plant. - ANS translocated A customer walks into your garden and tells you of an insect problem they are having. They told you that they went to a large chain store garden center and purchased a bottle of herbicide to kill the insects but have experienced very poor results. What is the most likely cause of their poor results? - ANS The pesticide used was not meant for the intended target. Since all chemicals work in small amounts, what care should be taken? - ANS Treat only the intended target. Climatic factors affect the effectiveness of pesticides. Which of these is not a climatic factor: rain, sunlight, wind, or soil? - ANS Soil Soil texture affects the way pesticides work. Coarser textured soils have less surface area to cover and may need what? - ANS Lower application rates, because they contain more sand and are subject to higher infiltration, endangering water-table levels. Which of these is not a dry formulation of pesticides: Flowables, Dusts, Granules or wetable powders. - ANS Flowables Botanical Term "alba" - ANS White Botanical Term "augustifolia" - ANS narrow-leaved Botanical Term "arborea" - ANS treelike, woody Botanical Term "argentea" - ANS silvery Botanical Term "aureus" - ANS golden Botanical Term "coccineus" - ANS scarlet Botanical Term "cordate" - ANS heart-shaped Botanical Term "crenata" - ANS toothed, teeth round Botanical Term "dioecious" - ANS male and female flowers on separate plants Botanical Term "fastigiatus" - ANS branches erect/close together Botanical Term "globosa" - ANS globe shaped Botanical Term "japonica" - ANS of Japan Botanical Term "macrophyllus" - ANS large leaved Botanical Term "microphylla" - ANS small leaved Botanical Term "niger; nigra" - ANS black, dark Botanical Term "pendulus" - ANS pendulous, hanging Botanical Term "radicans" - ANS rooting Botanical Term "sylvatica" - ANS forest loving What system of naming did Linnaeus create? - ANS Binomial system of nomenclature What are two kinds of root systems? - ANS fibrous and taproots What are the functions of the stem? - ANS Support Conduction Storage What is the difference between Monocots and Dicots? - ANS Monocots have a single seed leaf and Dicots have two seed leaves. Monocots do not have a vascular cambium and do not expand in girth after the original cells have expanded. List the types of specialized stems and roots commonly found in plants. - ANS Corms, rhizomes, and tubers and tuberous roots are all modified stems. Bulbs are composed of a compressed stem and modified, fleshy leaves. What are the two main functions of leaves? - ANS photosynthesis and transpiration Define angiosperms and gynosperms - ANS Angiosperms are plants that bloom and develop fruit which encloses the seed. Gynosperms are plants that have no true flowers or fruits, but bear seeds uncovered in cones (such as conifers). List the parts of a complete flower. - ANS Stamen: anther and filament (male parts) Pistil: stigma, style, and ovary (female parts) Petals comprise the Corolla (inner floral leaves) Sepals comprise the Calyx (outer green leaves) Locule Ovule Placenta Receptacle Peduncle What is the priority in which plants distribute food produced by the leaves? - ANS 1) Flowers 2) Seeds 3) Leaves 4) Stems 5) Roots What are the 3 primary elements for essential plant growth - ANS Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen List the 3 Primary Macronutrients essential for plant growth. - ANS Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium List the 3 Secondary Macronutrients essential for plant growth. - ANS Calcium Magnesium Sulfur List the 7 Micronutrients needed for optimum plant growth. - ANS Boron Manganese Copper Zinc Iron Molybdenum Chlorine How is light intensity measured? - ANS foot candles (fc) Define permanent wilting point. - ANS When all gravitational water and the available water are gone and only the unavailable (bound) water remains. Define microclimate. - ANS Areas with certain consistent variation in light, temperature, and moisture in a garden. List 3 ways heat travels. - ANS Conduction Convection Radiation Define soil structure. - ANS The way various particles of the soil are arranged. Sandy, platy, crumbly, and blocky are structural names. Structure can be single grained or aggregate (smaller particles grouped together). What is commonly added to soil to raise the pH? - ANS Limestone, Calcium What is commonly added to soil to raise the pH? - ANS Limestone At what soil pH do most ornamental plants prefer? - ANS 5.5 to 7.0 At what soil pH do acid-loving ornamental plants prefer? - ANS 5.0 to 5.5 True or False. Nutrient availability is regulated by the soil. - ANS True List 4 physiological changes in the reproductive phase of sexual propagation. - ANS Flower or cone bud induction. Flower bud initiation and development. Flowering. Fruit and seed production, if fertilization occurs. What is the main disadvantage of sexual propagation? - ANS Producig offspring that are not uniform. What are the 2 most critical environmental requirements pertaining to seed germination? - ANS Water and temperature. What is another term for vegative propogation? - ANS Asexual Propagation List some ways to vegatively propagate a plant. - ANS Layering Division Separation Cuttings (Semi-hardwood, Stem, Leaf and Root, Grafting) Micropropagation How are strawberry runners typically propagated? - ANS Layering Define grafting. - ANS Joining together of two different plant parts so that they heal together and continue growing as one unit. What are 3 indicators of a plant needing irrigation? - ANS Sight (foliage) Weight (low moisture=light weight) Touch (medium's moisture) Why is cold damage common on container-grown ornamental plants at temperatures of 20-25 degrees Farenheit? - ANS Roots are above ground and not insulated. What is the optimum time for adding container-grown plants to a landscape? Balled and burlapped plants? Bare-rooted plants? - ANS Jan.-Dec. Oct.-Mar. Dec.-Feb. Should organic amendments be added to a planting hole when planting an individual tree? - ANS No What N/P/K ratio is recommended for fertilizer used on ornamental trees and shrubs? - ANS 3:1:2 or 4:1:2 What is the hormone in the terminal bud of plants that directs bud growth along the stem? - ANS Auxin Define "thinning out" and "heading back". - ANS Thinning out - Complete removal of branches back to a lateral branch or main trunk Heading Back - Removes the terminal growth portion of twigs back to a auxiliary bud or node True or False. Most broadleaf shrubs respond well to rejuvenate type pruning. - ANS True When should spring-flowering shrubs be pruned? - ANS After flowering When should summer flowering shrubs be pruned? - ANS During dormancy Describe pruning procedures recommended for nandina and mahonia. - ANS thin out older canes by cutting them back 6" to 8" from ground level. Prune nandina after the Christmas season. List 5 factors that affect plant growth. - ANS Light Water Temperature Humidity Fertilization Media Define footcandle. What are ideal daytime and nighttime temperatures for most household plants? - ANS The unit most often used to measure indoor lighting. 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit in daytime. 50-60 degrees Fahrenheit at nighttime. What are some foliage and flowering house plants that can be easily propogated from seed? - ANS Schefflera False Aralia Tree Philodendron Many Palms Cacti Succulents List key identifying characteristics of insects. - ANS 3 body regions (head, abdomen, thorax 3 pairs of legs one pair of antennae one or two pairs of wings What are the different types of insect mouth parts? - ANS Chewing Sucking Piercing-sucking Lapping Sponging What does metamorphosis mean? What are 2 types of insect metamorphosis? - ANS To change in form. Gradual (egg, nymph, adult) Complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) Define pupa. - ANS An intermediate state between larva and adult. What are the 2 types of plant diseases? - ANS Non-Pathogenic and Pathogenic (Infectious) What are some environmental factors that contribute to plant diseases? - ANS Nutrient Deficiencies High or Low Temperatures Air Pollution Soil pH Hardpans (compaction) What are 3 factors required for a pathogenic disease? - ANS Susceptible Host Parasitic Organism Environmental Conditions Describe the reproductive process of fungi. - ANS By forming spores, sclerotia, and mycelial fragments; most often asexually. How do bacteria differ from fungi? - ANS Bacteria do not produce spores and reproduce by simple cell division. What is the difference between chlorotic and necrotic? - ANS Chlorotic is a yellowing of normally green tissue because of chlorophyll destruction, or failure to form. Nectotic means dead or discolored. In pesticide terminology, what is meant by the the abbreviations EC, G, and WP? - ANS Emulsifiable Concentrates Granules Wettable Powders Which basic steps can be followed to manage pest populations? - ANS Prevention Early Detection Correct Identification of pest Proper selection of control methods Correct water pH Correct application methods List 3 things that can be done to reduce pest populations, without spraying. - ANS Site Selection Early removal of vegetation High quality seeds and transplants Resistant cultivars Early planting What are some ways to control pests mechanically? - ANS Physical barriers Black light traps Sticky coatings What does companion planting mean? - ANS Using one type of plant to protect or enhance the growth of another. Examples: nasturtiums, marigolds, and catnip with cabbage; dead nettle with potatoes What are 3 biological insecticides? - ANS Thuringiensis, Pyretrum, Rotenone, Bug juice, Plant extracts How are weeds classified? - ANS Monocots (grasses and sedges) and Dicots (broadleaf) List warm season grasses in order of wear resistance: - ANS Zoysiagrass Bermudagrass Bahiagrass St. Augustinegrass Carpetgrass Centipedegrass List warm season grasses in order of texture (fine to coarse): - ANS Bermudagrass Zoysiagrass Centipedegrass St. Augustinegrass, Carpetgrass, Bahiagrass List warm season grasses in order of shade tolerance: - ANS St. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass, Bahiagrass Cenitpedegrass, Carpetgrass Bermudagrass List warm season grasses in order of rate of establishment: - ANS Burmudagrass St. Augustinegrass Carpetgrass Bahiagrass Zoysiagrass, Centipedegrass List warm season grasses in order of drought resistance: - ANS Burmudagrass, Zoysiagrass, Bahiagrass St. Augustinegrass Centipedegrass, Carpetgrass List warm season grasses in order of mowing height (highest to lowest): - ANS Carpetgrass (1.0'-3.0') St. Augustine, Bahiagrass (1.0'-2.5") Centipedegrass (1.0"-2.0") Zoysiagrass (0.5"-1") Bermudagrass (0.25"-1") List the types of fertilizers. - ANS Synthetic inorganic Synthetic organic Natural organic List foliar turf insect pests. - ANS Army worms Sod webworms Cutworms Southern cinch bugs List root turf insect pests. - ANS Mole crickets May beetles Japanese beetles Green June beetle Hunting billbugs List nuisance turf insect pests. - ANS Fire ants Ticks Earwigs True or False. Generally, smaller plants will transplant easier than larger plants of the same species. - ANS True What are the important function of ground covers? - ANS Erosion control on slopes. Lawn maintenance reduction. Filling narrow or odd-shaped areas where mowing or trimming might be difficult. Reduce temperature or glare around buildings. List some guidelines when designing a color bed. - ANS Use masses of the same color. Use colors which pleasantly contrast with the background. Use combinations of colors that blend well together. Locate color where you want to draw the eye. Which months are generally not recommended for shrub fertilization? - ANS Late Fall, October & November When is the best time to plant roses? - ANS December - February What are the deficiency symptoms of iron? - ANS Pale yellow with distinctive green veins. Botanical Terms "nana". - ANS Dwarf When is the best time to transplant palms? - ANS Spring and Summer months, April - August. ?When is the best time of year to apply pre-emergents? - ANS Before weeds germinate and emerge (February). What lowers pH in soils? - ANS sulfur When is the best time to prune plants that bloom in May? - ANS After they bloom. Which of the following plants, in order of lowest to highest, require more light levels (Schleffera, Crotons, Pothos)? - ANS Pothos, Schleffera, Crotons What nutrient increases disease resistance? - ANS Potassium What nutrient deficiency results in poor, spindly growth? - ANS Sulfur What nutrient increases vegetative growth? - ANS Nitrogen What nutrient stimulates production of fruit and flowers? - ANS Phosphorus What nutrient is supplied in the form of limestone? - ANS Calcium Botanical Term "lutescens". - ANS Yellow Chlorosis can be caused by what? - ANS High pH Which of the following is a perennial; Marigold, Pansy, Plumbago, Periwinkle? - ANS Plumbago A plant that lives for 2 years is called what? - ANS Biennial What macro-nutrient makes soil more acidic? - ANS Sulfur Deficiency Symptom: light green leaves - ANS Magnesium Deficiency Symptom: overall yellowing, beginning at the bottom of the plant. - ANS Nitrogen Deficiency Symptom: low flower and fruit production. - ANS Phosphorus Deficiency Symptom: area between veins, light green in young leaves. - ANS Sulfur Deficiency Symptom: dying plant tips, stubby roots. - ANS Calcium Deficiency Symptom: scorched leaves. - ANS Potassium