Landscape Horticulture Exam 1

Landscape Horticulture Exam 1 Define Horticulture - ANS -art and science -growing fruit, nuts, veggies, ornamental, herbs, spices, and medicinal - YARD CULTURE/ gardening - fresh -intensive culture What is Pomology - ANS Fruit What is olericulture - ANS veggies What does environmental Hort do? - ANS -enhances environment -pushes green industry GGIA - ANS Georgia Green Industry Association they support the landscape industry (government) "environment is our business" Floriculture plants tend to be... - ANS tender Nursery plants tend to be.. - ANS hardy What can you do as a Landscape Horticulturist? - ANS -contracting business (legal) -landscape management -grounds maintenance -turf. grass management - arboriculture- trees -urban forerter- community foresters - landscape design Landscape Architects - ANS design space for human use Forestry - ANS production of timber and fiber Job positions - ANS - Crew Foreman- over 2-3 people - superintendent- over several crews - Sales Person- doing job bidding - Estimator- Job site estimations - Manager/Owner- long range planning, goals, personnel - urban foresters - Public gardens/estate gardens - Teacher/Researcher Benefits of Hort jobs - ANS - passionate- plants and people - positive impact on the environment - tangible - growing - work outside - lower stress (at times) - camaraderie Drawbacks of Hort job - ANS - seasonal - weather - injury - hard work - overtime - image - sun time Why people garden - ANS Cicero - Respice - Prospice - Adam and Eve- Paradise (enclosed space) - Bliss and content - complete control - Territory - Status, wealth, power, culture, taste - Edu - boxwood ex. - highest expressing of culture (get money and smell the roses) - perfect portrait of the person inside - the best gardens are made of memories Running theme throughout history - ANS gardens represented "the good life" roman gardens - ANS Pompeii seducing the gods Islamic - ANS court of the lions, Alhambra, retreat and reflection, earthly paradise medieval - ANS monastery Mont St. Michel looking inwards Walled Garden- Roman de la Rose Villa Medici Fiesole Renaissance - ANS looking outward English landscapes - ANS enlightened copying the landscape paintings q Victorian - ANS Bedding schemes Public Parks Industrious Woodland Gardens - ANS William Robinson Reject industrialism Gertrude Jekyll and Edwin Lutyens - ANS hestercombe arts and crafts/modern marriage of formal and informal First GA logo - ANS -silk worm on mulberry leaf - not for self, but for others. First GA garden - ANS Trustees Garden 1734 Savannah GA 3 famous Antebellum homes in GA - ANS Valley View, Cartersville Ferrell Gardens Hills and Dales, LaGrange Boxwood Plantation, Madison Antebellum style - ANS -parterres (many plants) - geometric - arrangements sub-urbanization - ANS Post Properties - eco friendly, showed status 80's trend - ANS use of native plants start of Atl boom -2000's 90's change - ANS olympics came to ATL Environmental benefits to landscape - ANS - air cooling - transpiration -heat island effect - wind protection - air pollution - noise pollution - erosion - aesthetics Air Cooling - ANS - under tree is -3 - in a house is -20 - under a sidewalk -35 - proper tree placement can = 11% decrease in electric bill (E or W side of house) Heat Island Effect - ANS - asphalt absorbs heat during the day and releases it at night wind controll - ANS - causes heat to be pulled out of house - using wind break drops bill up to 30% air pollution - ANS Reduce CO2 by... - photosynthesis (phytoplankton) - tree shade = less heat needed = less CO2 - stopping/slowing tropical deforestation Gaseous - tree shade = less energy needed = less coal plants energy Particulate Pollutants - tree lined streets have lessen by 75% - slow wind speeds Shading cars - reduce energy needed for engine Noise Pollution - ANS - out of sight; out of mind - no real change just an illusion Erosion - ANS - absorb excess water - percolation increased - protect soil - increase storm water containment (best benefit for city) Aesthetics - ANS - unify - define space Economic benefits of landscaping (6) - ANS - timber - real estate value - curbside appeal - community -industry - business Real Estate Value - ANS - 3.5 - 10% based on landscape - high vale 10.8% - low value 5.7% Curbside appeal - ANS house sells 6 weeks faster has 4 yr payback community - ANS - iconic image - attracts clients and business - tax income goes up industry - ANS - corporate gardens - image - increase happiness, lower stress, improves recruitment, lowers absenteeism Businesses - ANS - image - procieved value is higher - apartments- increased occupancy -theme park - attracts people Physical Health Benefits of Landscape - ANS Hospital Picture Test - fewer pain pills - left hospital earlier - fewer complaints immune system boosted heartrate and blood pressure better reduces stress exercise In School Garden increase in veggie intake Psychological benefits of Landscape - ANS Hort. Therapy (plant a seed) - look forward to something - respond - creating -care for - non threatening - self-worth/ accomplishment Used in prison and had reduced re-convictions Social Benefits of Landscape - ANS - plants give talking points Flowering plants in hospital - more talking/eating/social gazes Philly housing Area - window box and how to care for it-- caused - washed widows - painted doors Green vs. Nongreen subdivisions - stronger fam ties - people felt safer - less violence - less stress - increase socialization Less graffiti Playground v. Woods - 96% chose woods - increase attentiveness and competence - no uncivil behavior Future of Landscape Business - ANS - bright - realizing value - fast growing - in 10 yrs - 20% increase in need for labor - gardening is #1 leisure activity - DIY - Maturing of culture - increase in environmental concerns Cells in each season - ANS Summer- thick cell wall and less water Spring- thin cell wall and lots of water about bark - ANS -protection - helps with water loss - waxy - thick cells - protects from disease and insects it is everything outside of the vascular cambium Parts of the Tree - ANS What is dead in a tree - ANS Periderm and rhytidome Branches - ANS - autonomous (support itself) - trunk is grown over the branch - locks the branch into place yr after yr. pruning terminology - ANS tree when damaged - ANS - cant create new cells and doesnt fight infection like humans - compartmentalize CODIT: compartmentalization of decay in trees How a tree responds to damage - ANS 1. vertical: plug by tyloses, polymerize, oxidize 2. interior: late wood, thick cell walls 3. side: rays 4. top: new xylem and phloem, thicker cell walls, slower growth SEALED not healed Saturated soil - ANS pores in the soil are filled with water At field capacity soil - ANS water adheres to soil particles after drainage and fills smaller pours permanent wilting point of soil - ANS a thin film of water remains on soil particles and roots cannot absorb water fast enough to prevent wilting Pith and Pith protection zone - ANS - marshmallow part in the inner tree - it is totally compressed over time - compressed area in PPZ - it has cells still in that zone that protect from infections in the inner part of the tree Xylem - ANS transports water and solutes from the roots to the leaves phloem - ANS transports food from the leaves to the m rest of the plant When tree is wou - ANS Roots job - ANS - get water - get nutrients - storage - synthesis - anchorage Root Cap - ANS - synthesis - lubricants - root hairs: function as stabilizers that fall off and regrow (do not become lateral roots) Root Systems - ANS Tap root - ex. carrot or pine tree - fibers could be in top 6" - thin at trunk and ends how far do root grow out? - ANS 3X the crown line of a tree When you dig up a tree, how much of the roots are you getting - ANS between 15-50% so it reroots after its replanted Soil components - ANS Minerals: make up 45-50% sand- large (grapefruit) silk- med (penny) clay- small (grain of sand) Organic Matter: 1-5% Pores: space between (air/water) Microbes: billion per teaspoon Nutrients Soil Horizons - ANS A- topsoil (3-4") B- Subsoil (Red Clay here) C- Parent Material What causes 40-60% of tree deaths in the first few yrs? - ANS soil issues Soil Texture - ANS - % of sand, silt, and clay Soil Structure (aggregation) (3parts) - ANS 1. Chemical - + and - charges 2. Physical - freeze and thaw - wetting & drying (add charges and lubricants) - mulching 3. Biological (super important) - release minerals - hypha-fungal strand - root hair: die, fungus eats it, becomes OM - Earth worms: slime helps combination, structure, and aeration - mycrrhiza- symbiotic is a fungus, adds carbs Urban Soil - ANS remove OM, compaction Soil Water - ANS 1. gravitational water: gravity pulls water that is drained out, not available to plants (feild compacity) 2. capillary water: adhesion, cohesion 3. unavailable water: held by chemical forces and must be dried out. What do roots do during a drought? - ANS they grow deeper What is the problem after a drought when there is lots of water? - ANS roots die of no oxygen in deep wet soil plant usually falls over problems for roots at landscape site - ANS - no topsoil - compact - contaminants - buried refuse - shallow (limit root growth and high water table) Topsoil preference - ANS Fine over Coarse Soil Tests - ANS Compaction - shovel, 1/4" rod, soil corer Drainage - after rain - color (grey = poor, red = oxygen) - ribbon test - perc test (1/2" per hour) pH - 5.5-7 - plants vary - effects nutrient uptake - OM helps How do you raise pH - ANS add lime How do you lower pH - ANS add sulfur what three things will a soil test recommend - ANS lime potassium phosphorus How deep do you check for reg. planing? Turf? Veggie garden? - ANS 6" 4" 8" Different Drainage options - ANS 1. box drain - on surface with underground system - 3" drop in 100' for draining 2. French drain - slit open to surface - filled with gravel and pipe with hole in bottom 3. Underground drainage - slit again but refilled with soil - pipe with sock and hole in bottom 4. Sump Drain - worst drain - have to pump out - just lowers water table 5. Grading Surface - 2% grade (2' per 100') - homes usually have 5% grade 6. Amend with Sand - worst fix - need LOTS of sand to really work -bridging how to deal with shallow soils - ANS - replace - raised beds - fill (top soil on top) - plant on surface (plant proud -or- volcano) -Berms: toppling is a problem how to prevent compaction - ANS - use wide tires if you must drive on site - low pressure tires - protect with constriction fence - 1'/1" caliper: if tree is 10" diam. you need 10' diam. of fencing - tracks or plywood down Chandler Oak- Savannah Ga: 4" of coarse mulch how to fix compaction - ANS - air technique: compressed air is blasted 2' deep in soil to puff it up again - Subsoiler: 18" breaks up soil but you have to be careful not to hit utilities -Rototiller - earthcavator - Backblade: most common; blade with spikes to break up ground, pulverizer to break up soil -articulating bucket