NURS 3550 Final Exam questions with
verified answers 2025-2026 latest update
define the elements in a PICO format - correct answer ✔✔P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcome
used for qualitative and quantitative questions
define the elements in a PICOT format - correct answer ✔✔P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison or clinical issue of interest
O: outcome
T: time frame
can be used in quantitative questions
define the elements of a PICo format - correct answer ✔✔PI:
population/phenonemon of interest
Co: comparison
can be used in qualitative questions
what factors are involves in choosing a priority clinical question - correct answer
✔✔- high-risk problems (patient safety such as falls)
,- high volume problems (need a lot of dressings for a large weeping wound)
- is it going to cost a lot? (finding different materials (cheaper) for the same
effectiveness
background question - correct answer ✔✔usually consist of general information
questions (what, when, where, why, how) outcome ==> uses textbook to find
evidence
foreground question - correct answer ✔✔can be answered from a scientific
knowledge about diagnosis, therapy, treatments, tests, ethology, and prognosis
(usually in the format of a PICOT question)
quantitative questions - correct answer ✔✔intervention, prognosis, diagnosis,
etiology questions
qualitative questions - correct answer ✔✔meaning questions (influence on
healthcare)
importance of developing searchable questions - correct answer ✔✔- can give
you a starting point to find an answer to the problem
can help us know the correct way to do things and if that's what we should be
doing (can help us form a focused question)
asking a wrong question can lead to - correct answer ✔✔- no info
- impact on implementation to practice
- lead to bias
,- impact the users understanding
independent variable - correct answer ✔✔the cause, influence, risk factors, and
interventions
dependent variable - correct answer ✔✔the variable that changes, the outcome
that is made
SPIDER framework - correct answer ✔✔S: sample/population of interest
PI: Phenomenon of Interest: how and why certain experiences, behaviours and
decisions are occurring
D: design (research methodology of interest; survey or questionnaire)
E: evaluation => subjective outcomes like views, attitudes (the emotion behind it)
R: research; either qualitative or mixed-method
what is the spirit of curiosity/inquiry and how does it relate to EIP? - correct
answer ✔✔the spirit of inquiry is group zero (before the EIP process begins)
- this is when we are working in cultures of curiosity where we feel safe to
question and be curious
if we are uncertain about things, we often feel stuck with not knowing
pre-appraised literature - correct answer ✔✔when we have the goal to not
recognize it is put together and make directions according to the information
- this is evidence that has been selected from primary studies and evaluated for
use by clinicians
, - primary research has not been analyzed and there are no written directions for
them in the study yet
what is the evidence pyramid - correct answer ✔✔primary original research
(bottom): studies (cohort studies, RCT, case-control studies)
secondary (pre-appraised) research:
- syntheses (systematic reviews)
- synopses (critically-appraised journal articles)
- summaries (critically appraised topics, evidence-based guidelines)
- systems (best practice!) ==> computerized decision support
purpose of systematic review - correct answer ✔✔- methodological scholarly
inquiry
- often known as a study in itself
- usually a process to formulate a summary of the evidence
what kind of evidence does a systematic review generate? - correct answer
✔✔gold-standard evidence based information
key elements of a systematic review - correct answer ✔✔- clearly stated
objectives: PICO or PICo question
- explicit, reproducible methodology: looking for particular things, timeframe, date
inclusion
- explain using a systematic search to identify 'all studies'
verified answers 2025-2026 latest update
define the elements in a PICO format - correct answer ✔✔P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcome
used for qualitative and quantitative questions
define the elements in a PICOT format - correct answer ✔✔P: population
I: intervention
C: comparison or clinical issue of interest
O: outcome
T: time frame
can be used in quantitative questions
define the elements of a PICo format - correct answer ✔✔PI:
population/phenonemon of interest
Co: comparison
can be used in qualitative questions
what factors are involves in choosing a priority clinical question - correct answer
✔✔- high-risk problems (patient safety such as falls)
,- high volume problems (need a lot of dressings for a large weeping wound)
- is it going to cost a lot? (finding different materials (cheaper) for the same
effectiveness
background question - correct answer ✔✔usually consist of general information
questions (what, when, where, why, how) outcome ==> uses textbook to find
evidence
foreground question - correct answer ✔✔can be answered from a scientific
knowledge about diagnosis, therapy, treatments, tests, ethology, and prognosis
(usually in the format of a PICOT question)
quantitative questions - correct answer ✔✔intervention, prognosis, diagnosis,
etiology questions
qualitative questions - correct answer ✔✔meaning questions (influence on
healthcare)
importance of developing searchable questions - correct answer ✔✔- can give
you a starting point to find an answer to the problem
can help us know the correct way to do things and if that's what we should be
doing (can help us form a focused question)
asking a wrong question can lead to - correct answer ✔✔- no info
- impact on implementation to practice
- lead to bias
,- impact the users understanding
independent variable - correct answer ✔✔the cause, influence, risk factors, and
interventions
dependent variable - correct answer ✔✔the variable that changes, the outcome
that is made
SPIDER framework - correct answer ✔✔S: sample/population of interest
PI: Phenomenon of Interest: how and why certain experiences, behaviours and
decisions are occurring
D: design (research methodology of interest; survey or questionnaire)
E: evaluation => subjective outcomes like views, attitudes (the emotion behind it)
R: research; either qualitative or mixed-method
what is the spirit of curiosity/inquiry and how does it relate to EIP? - correct
answer ✔✔the spirit of inquiry is group zero (before the EIP process begins)
- this is when we are working in cultures of curiosity where we feel safe to
question and be curious
if we are uncertain about things, we often feel stuck with not knowing
pre-appraised literature - correct answer ✔✔when we have the goal to not
recognize it is put together and make directions according to the information
- this is evidence that has been selected from primary studies and evaluated for
use by clinicians
, - primary research has not been analyzed and there are no written directions for
them in the study yet
what is the evidence pyramid - correct answer ✔✔primary original research
(bottom): studies (cohort studies, RCT, case-control studies)
secondary (pre-appraised) research:
- syntheses (systematic reviews)
- synopses (critically-appraised journal articles)
- summaries (critically appraised topics, evidence-based guidelines)
- systems (best practice!) ==> computerized decision support
purpose of systematic review - correct answer ✔✔- methodological scholarly
inquiry
- often known as a study in itself
- usually a process to formulate a summary of the evidence
what kind of evidence does a systematic review generate? - correct answer
✔✔gold-standard evidence based information
key elements of a systematic review - correct answer ✔✔- clearly stated
objectives: PICO or PICo question
- explicit, reproducible methodology: looking for particular things, timeframe, date
inclusion
- explain using a systematic search to identify 'all studies'
